1. People and the Planet- Topic 1
Population
Dynamics
1.2 How far can population change and migration be managed sustainably?
1.2b) Many countries have policies to control and manage migration flows

2. Over populated /Under populated!
SPARSE POPULATION
DENSE POPULATION
What do you think the terms dense and sparse mean in relation to population?
Sparsely populated means- few people per km squared
Densely populated means- many people per km squared

3. Why do countries need different approaches to migration?
Some countries do not need any more people, they already have enough or too many for the resources the have- e.g. Bangladesh-
Bangladesh has too many people it is OVER POPULATED
There are enough working age people to do the jobs required and the birth rate is high so more children will be around to replace the workers in future
It is a very small country which is one of the most DENSELY populated in the world- it has very little space left for more people so does not openly encourage immigrants
Also it would struggle to attract migrants anyway due to its location, being prone to floods and cyclones

4. Russia Has a decreasing population Some say it is UNDER POPULATED
It has more resources than people to use them
It has resources to exploit and needs to ensure enough workers to exploit them
It is encouraging high skilled immigrants to come work in Russia to do necessary jobs
It is also offering cash incentives for Russians who have emigrated to return to the country to live and work

5. The UK
The UK’s first wave of immigrants arrived in 1948 from Jamaica. The UK needed migrants to rebuild the nation after the war, where many working aged people (esp. men) were lost.
The government passed an act giving all commonwealth citizens free entry to the UK to replace the lost people
During the 50’s and 60’s 250,000 immigrants came to UK form the Caribbean and around the same number from the Indian subcontinent (Pakistan, Bangladesh and India)
By 1971 there were over 1 million immigrants to the UK

6. Post war migration to the UK from the commonwealth.

7. The UK
The new citizens took up a variety of jobs, many worked in textiles, steel or other industrial or factory jobs
Many drove buses or worked on railways
Later arrivals particularly from the Indian subcontinent were at the fore front of the increasing tertiary (service) sector opening and running shops and restaurants
By the 1970’s the government felt there was enough labour supply in the UK mass immigration was no longer necessary

8. The UK
However although mass immigration was no longer openly encouraged the number of foreign born people in the UK continued to increase
Now we can look back at the impacts of post war immigration on the UK
positives
negatives
Met need for skilled and unskilled labour at time
Played important role in reconstruction of country post war
Public money had to spent on meeting needs of immigrants- housing, education, healthcare
In 1970s/80s recession these immigrants added to burden of unemployment

9. The UK Social Impacts of post war immigration-
There were many race riots during the 60s, 70s and 80s, ethnic minority groups were often discriminated against and racially attacked.
Due to this immigrants tended to group together in areas of rundown housing in inner city areas
BUT the situation has changed- there are now anti discrimination laws and mostly all groups in the UK live in harmony
Many now see the positives of the immigration- the children are doing well and doing important skilled jobs, many represent the UK at various sports and have seats in parliament, they are integrated into UK society fully

10. The UK
Since the 70s there have been controls on commonwealth citizens entering the UK
In the mid to late 1990s there was another economic boom world wide the UK needed more labour as its birth rate had decreased and the death rate had slowed due to health advancements- the UK turned to Eastern Europe for migrant workers to fill the labour gaps

11. Mid Noughties- Eastern Europeans flock to UK
In the Eastern European states of the Czech Republic, Slovak Republic (Slovakia), Slovenia, Hungary, Poland, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia joined the EU
Giving them an open door to the UK to live and work.
Many came as ECONOMIC MIGRANTS only wanting to come to make enough money to set themselves up in their homeland and then return there.
In terms of migration there are 2 countries involved
The HOST country (where the migrants are going to, to work) and the SOURCE country (the country the migrant calls home and is leaving behind)

12. Many UK newspapers used this migration to reignite the race debates and cause trouble, they use stirring headlines to scare monger people into believing that all immigrants are bad and should have to leave, although there are obviously some issues. Migrants often bring positives to a country, alongside some of the negatives. However many do not realise the impact on the source country too

13. Task DO NOT JUST COPY THE CARDS Summarise the points on them positives
1) Draw a table like the one below over a whole page of your book/ notes
2) Complete the card sort and then make noted into your table
3) When you have done that, make a key underneath or alongside the table, take 3 colours, letters or symbols and code all the noted statements according to whether they are socio- cultural, environmental, economic or political issues
DO NOT JUST COPY THE CARDS
Summarise the points on them
positives
negatives
HOST COUNTRY
SOURCE COUNTRY

14. Summary of previous task
positives
negatives
HOST COUNTRY
Labour gap is filled
Taxes are paid by migrants
Increase birth rate
Migrants have strong work ethic often work long hours take few breaks and earn low pay so cost effective
Services have to be provided, like schools and healthcare and housing which causes tension
Extra tension is caused
May take some jobs from UK citizens
SOURCE COUNTRY
Less pressure on services
Remittance payments from migrants sent home
Higher tax per person
Services may close as none to use or provide
Shortage of labour
Gender imbalance as mainly young males who leave
Birth rate drops
Not enough people to provide services or exploit resources
Fewer paying tax

15. The UK- current policy on immigration
Many Eastern European migrant workers are now leaving the UK as the economy slumps and less money is available
The UK still has no control over any Eastern European entering the UK to live or work as EU members borders are open, just as we can move to Poland at any time, so they can do the same here
BUT
For non EU citizens wanting to settle in the UK doing so is now harder than ever, we have a POINTS BASED SYSTEM, where you have to have certain skills or fulfil certain criteria for entry

16. The UK- current policy on immigration
There are 5 tiers of migrant
Tier 1- highly skilled workers or entrepreneurs, these are most likely to be permitted entry as they could set up businesses or bring extra income to the UK economy in longer term
Tier 2- skilled workers with job offer- such as teachers or nurses, however these will only be granted entry where there is proof there are no UK residents who can do that particular job
Tier 3- low skilled workers filling temporary need for labour- e.g. construction workers doing building for up coming Olympics
Tier 4-Students- but no longer does the UK allow spouses or children of students to accompany the fee paying student it used to do so
Tier 5- youth mobility and temporary workers- musicians coming to play concert- they’ll be permitted entry on time specific visa

17. How does the USA try to control immigrants?
Read through the information on pages of textbook
Answer the following-
How many foreign born people live in the USA? Why?
Why do you think the US attracts so many migrants? (think about what you know about the place! Would you want to go?)
Look at the graph on page 154 describe how the number of immigrants to the USA has changed between 1820 and 2000 (2)
Look at the map at the bottom of page 154 give reasons for the pattern of legal migration to the USA (3)
When did the USA pass its immigration act? Why? What were its aims?
Outline some of the advantages and disadvantages of immigration to the USA

18. At Home…
Think about and provide detailed responses to the following practice questions
Why might a country like Bangladesh ban all immigrants in future? Would it be a good idea? Why?
Why has the UK policy on immigration changed so greatly over the past 60 years?
How is the US immigration policy similar to and different from the immigration policy of the UK and Russia?
Why do different countries have different attitudes towards immigration?