1. Infants, Children, and Adolescents Laura E. Berk 6th edition
Chapter 16
Emotional and Social Development in Adolescence
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2. Erikson’s Theory: Identity vs. Identity Confusion
Defining who you are, what you value and your direction in life
Commitments to vocation, personal relationships, sexual orientation, ethnic group, ideals
Resolution of “identity crisis” or exploration
Identity Confusion
Lack of direction and definition of self
Restricted exploration in adolescence
Earlier psychosocial conflicts not resolved
Society restricts choices
Unprepared for stages of adulthood

3. Self-Concept in Adolescence
Unify separate traits into larger, abstract ones
May describe contradictory traits; social situations
Gradually combine traits into organized system
More emphasis on social virtues, being viewed positively by others

4. Self-Esteem in Adolescence
Continues to differentiate
Generally rises
Frequent shifts
Individual differences become increasingly stable

5. Identity Statuses Level of Exploration Level of Commitment High Low
Identity Achievement
Identity Moratorium
Identity Foreclosure
Identity Diffusion

6. Factors that Affect Identity Development
Personality
Flexible, open-minded
Family
Attached, positive problem solving
Peers, friends
Schools and Communities
Larger context
Culture
Historical time period

7. Identity Development Among Ethnic Minority Adolescents
Ethnic Identity
A strong, secure ethnic identity is associated with higher self-esteem, optimism, a sense of mastery over the environment, and more positive attitudes toward one’s ethnicity.
Acculturative Stress
Psychological distress arising from conflict between the host culture and the minority
Forming a bicultural identity offers strong benefits

8. Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development
Preconventional Level
Stage 1: Punishment and Obedience
Stage 2: Instrumental Purpose
Conventional Level
Stage 3: “Good boy-good girl” (Morality of interpersonal cooperation)
Stage 4: Social Order Maintaining
Postconventional
or Principled Level
Stage 5: Social Contract
Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principle

9. Sex Differences in Moral Reasoning?
Kohlberg: Rights and justice orientation
Gilligan: Caring for others orientation
Ethic of Care
Both sexes use
both orientations,
but females may
stress care more
Greater experience
as caregivers

10. Relationship of Familiarity of the Main Character in a Moral Dilemma to Care Responses

11. Coordinating Moral, Social-Conventional, and Personal Concerns
Adolescents express great concern with matters of personal choice—a reflection of their quest for identity and independence.
Those who have parents that intrude into their private domains report higher levels of stress.
Adolescents still believe parents have the right to tell them what to do in moral and social-conventional situations.

12. Influences on Moral Reasoning
Personality
Child-Rearing Practices
Caring, supportive
Discuss moral concerns
Schooling
Peer Interactions
Culture

13. Moral Reasoning and Behavior
Moral self-relevance
Degree to which morality is central to self-concept
Close relationships with parents, teachers, and friends may play vital roles by modeling prosocial behavior and fostering morally relevant emotions.
Just educational environments are also influential.
Civic engagement can enhance moral self-relevance.

14. Development of Civic Responsibility
Family Influences
School and Community Influences
Currently, 66% of U.S. public schools provide students with community service opportunities.
Half have service-learning programs, which integrate service activities into the academic curriculum.

15. Religious Involvement and Morality
Formal religious involvement declines in adolescence
Religious involvement linked to:
More community service
Lower drug & alcohol use
Later sex
Less delinquency

16. Gender Intensification in Adolescence
Increased gender stereotyping of attitudes and behavior
Biological, social, cognitive factors
More in early adolescence, declines mid to late adolescence

17. Parent-Child Relationships in Adolescence
Adolescents strive for autonomy
Shift from parents to selves and peers
for guidance; de-idealize parents
Parents need to balance connection and separation
Authoritative style
Can be difficult
during adolescence

18. Adolescents and Their Families
Most spend less time with family
Culture is a factor
Family system affects relationships
Family structure
Parents’ concerns
Economic status
Sibling relationships change

19. Free Time versus Homework

20. Friendships in Adolescence
Fewer “best friends”
More intimacy, loyalty
Closeness, trust
Self-disclosure – get to know friend’s personality
Friends are similar or get more similar
Identity status, aspirations,
politics, deviant behavior
Gender differences
Girls – emotional closeness
Boys – activities, status

21. Self-Disclosure in Relationships

22. Friendships on the Internet
Instant messaging seems to support close friendships.
Adolescents use the Internet to meet new people.
Parents are wise to point out the risks of Internet communication, including harassment and exploitation.

23. Association of Close Online Friendships With Parent-Child Conflict, Delinquency, and High Internet Use

24. Benefits of Adolescent Friendships
Opportunities to explore self
Form deep understanding of another
Foundation for future
intimate relationships
Help deal with life stress
Can improve attitude
and school involvement

25. Cliques and Crowds Clique Crowd Small group – 5–7 Good friends
Identified by interests, social status
membership more important
to girls
Crowd
Larger – several cliques
Membership based on
reputation, stereotype

26. Dating in Adolescence Emerges from mixed-sex cliques
Cliques hang out
Several couples form and
do things together
Individual couples
Changes throughout adolescence
Early: recreation, group activities, shallow intimacy
Gradually look for more intimacy
Too early dating related to delinquency, dating violence, and academic problems

27. Increase in Romantic Relationships in Adolescence

28. Peer Conformity Pressures to conform to:
Dress, grooming,
social activities
Proadult behavior
Misconduct
Rises in early adolescence, but low overall
More conformity in early adolescence
Authoritative parenting helps resist pressures

29. Depression in Adolescence
Most common psychological problem of adolescence – 15 to 20%
Twice as many girls as boys
Early-maturing girls
Factors influencing depression:
Genetics
Child-rearing practices
Learned helplessness

30. Depressive Symptoms Throughout Adolescence

31. Adolescent Suicide A leading cause of youth death
4-5 times as many boys as girls
Girls more attempts
Greatest risk:
White, African-American males;
Native Americans
Gay, lesbian, bisexual
Highly intelligent &
socially withdrawn
Antisocial

32. Preventing Suicide Notice warning signs Provide adult and peer support
Teach coping strategies
Interventions
Medication
Therapy
Hospitalization

33. U.S. Suicide Rates Over the Lifespan

34. Two Routes to Adolescent Delinquency
Early-Onset – behavior begins in middle childhood
Biological risk factors and child-rearing practices combine
Late-Onset – behavior begins around puberty
Peer influences

35. Factors That Improve Resilience in Adolescence
A balance between family connection and separation
Effective family problem solving that models and encourages rational decision making
Parental monitoring and school involvement
Close, supportive friendships
High-quality vocational education
A culturally sensitive school and community
Affiliation with a religious organization
Opportunities to participate in extracurricular activities