1. DNA
Objective: To learn the structure and function of DNA

2. Types of DNA _____________ DNA Found in the ___________
_____________ DNA (mtDNA)
Only inherited from the __________________ side
Nuclear DNA
nucleus
Mitochondrial
Mitochondria
maternal

3. Who discovered the structure of DNA?
Watson and Crick knew DNA was made up of nucletides
X-ray diffraction
Uncovered the basic structure of DNA
James Watson and Francis Crick
In 1953 were given credit

4. Sources of DNA Blood _________ Saliva Sperm ___________ Body tissue
Teeth
____________ from urine
Sperm
Root of Hair
Bones
Epithelial cells

5. DNA Overview

6. DNA Overview
DNA
Hydrogen bonds, double helix, nucleotides, nitrogen bases, pentose sugar, phosphate, backbone, base compliment rule

7. Nitrogenous Bases Purines ________ ring system Pyrimidines
__________
Guanine
Pyrimidines
_________ ring system
Cytosine
___________
Double
Adenine
Single
Thymine

8. Table Talk
Erwin Chargaff measured the levels of the nitrogen bases found in DNA. What conclusions can you make from the chart below?
DNA Source
Adenine
Thymine
Guanine
Cytosine
Calf Thymus
1.7
1.6
1.2
1.0
Beef Spleen
1.5
1.3
Yeast
1.8
1.9
Bacillus
1.1
2.6
2.4

9. Complimentary DNA Strands
ACCCTTACT
GTAGTGAG
TTCCGGCCT
AAACTAT

10. DNA Replication Map Helicase breaks hydrogen bonds
Helicase separates strands
Polymerase adds base compliments to free bases
Hydrogen bonds form
The original strands are used to make new copies.
Results in two identical strands
Why is this referred to as semi conservative replication?

11. Replication Example A G T C T A G C T A A T
Helicase breaks hydrogen bonds A G T C
Helicase separates strands
Polymerase adds base compliments T A G C T A A T
Results in two IDENTICAL strands

12. Semi-Conservative Replication
Why is this considered semi-conservative replication?
How does this prevent mutations?

13. Short Tandem Repeats (STRs) Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
DNA Typing Methods
Short Tandem Repeats (STRs)
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Short base sequence that is __________ in a DNA strand
Less susceptible to ___________
Used to ________ the amount of DNA
Primer is used to target a _______________ to be copied
amplify
repeated
specific sequence
STRs are usually found in stains on body or clothes
degradation

14. Short Tandem Repeats

15. Results of PCR

16. Table Talk
How does the structure of DNA allow it to make an exact copy of itself during replication?
Can PCR be used on an entire strand of DNA? Why or why not?
It can be, but there would be no point for doing it. DNA strands are HUGE! It would not make sense to make a copy of the whole strand, use an STR then do PCR.

17. Restriction Enzymes
Cut DNA into __________ at a _______ base __________
fragments
specific
sequence

18. Restriction Enzyme Example #1
Base Sequence:
A T A C G T A C C G T
T A T G C A T G G C A
Restriction Enzyme cuts at TAC
Resulting fragments:
How many fragments did you end up with?

19. Restriction Enzyme Example #2
Base Sequence:
C G C A T T A C A T A
G C G T A A T G T A T
Restriction Enzyme cuts at CAT
Resulting fragments:
How many fragments did you end up with?

20. Restriction Enzyme Example #3
Base Sequence:
A T T G A G C C G G A G
T A A C T C G G C C T C
Restriction Enzyme cuts at GAG
Resulting fragments:
How many fragments did you end up with?

21. Electrophoresis What does it do? _________ DNA Fragments Separates
Determine if DNA fragments _______
Large fragments
More _______
Small fragments
______ base pairs
Separates
match
Larger fragments have more base pairs and do not move very far
Small fragments have fewer base pairs and move further
base pairs
Fewer

22. Electrophoresis Firsts
Lynda Mann and Dawn Ashworth
Lynda Mann was abducted (in England), her body was found raped and murdered. Three years later a other woman was found raped and murdered in the same area. Richard Buckland confessed to the second murder only. Men from the local area were tested. Pitchfork convinced someone to give a sample for him, bragged about it and was caught.
Colin Pitchfork
First murder convicted by DNA (1987)

23. Continued 1987 1st time DNA profiling admitted as evidence
Fingerprints left on victims window, Identified in a line up, same blood type that was found at the crime scene
Convicted of raping 23 women
Tommie Lee Andrews

24. Continued Acquitted of double murder DNA mishandled OJ Simpson
Acquitted for the double murder of Nicole Brown and Ron Goldman
His DNA mixed with the DNA of the victims was found in multiple locations
Acquitted due to mishandling of DNA evidence
OJ Simpson

25. Gel Electrophoresis http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mN5IvS96wNk
Simulation

27. Reading Gels Lanes Matching bands
Fragments have the same # of __________
DNA fragments came from __________
Wells
base pairs
Bands
same source

28. Table Talk
Predict what would happen if you did not use restriction enzymes before you ran an electrophoresis gel?

29. What can you determine?

30. Identify

31. Do any of the samples match?

32. The Footpath Murders https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vjpR_Fx3_X8

33. Creating a DNA Fingerprint

34. RNA Structure Made up of __________ Is _________ stranded
RNA nucleotide:
_________
Phosphate
nucleotides
single
Ribose sugar
Nitrogen base

35. RNA Bases Adenine _________ Uracil Guanine
_________ is replaced by Uracil
Guanine
Cytosine
Thymine

36. RNA Molecule
Use the following Key: Sugar = Green Phosphate = Orange Guanine = Blue Cytosine = Yellow Adenine = Red Uracil = Purple

37. Amino Acid Wheel

38. Protein Synthesis Also known as the Central _______ of Biology Dogma
DNA is _________ then transcribed into mRNA
mRNA is decoded into ____________
Forms a protein
Dogma
translated
DNA is translated into a mRNA strand then the mRNA strand is decoded (using the wheel) into amino acids
The amino acids are linked together to form a protein
amino acid

39. Table Talk
List two differences and two similarities between DNA and RNA.
Predict what would happen if there was an error in either transcription or translation.