1. DNA and RNA
Objective: To learn the structure and function of DNA

2. What do the following pictures have in common?
Spider
Bacteria

3. Race Horses
Flowers

4. Types of DNA _____________ DNA Found in the ___________
_____________ DNA (mtDNA)
Only inherited from the __________________ side
Nuclear DNA
nucleus
Mitochondrial
Mitochondria
maternal

5. Who discovered the structure of DNA?
Watson and Crick knew DNA was made up of nucletides
X-ray diffraction
Uncovered the basic structure of DNA
James Watson and Francis Crick
In 1953 were given credit

6. Sources of DNA Blood Sperm Saliva Root of Hair Body tissue Bones Teeth
Epithelial cells from urine

7. Nitrogen containing base
Nucleotides
Made up of: A
A _________ ___________
_____________
Deoxyribose Sugar
Nitrogen containing base
Phosphate

8. Deoxyribonucleic Acid
DNA Structure
Compared to a ______
Rungs = __________
Backbone = ____________ and ____________
Two sides held together by ______________
DNA =
ladder
Nitrogen Bases
Deoxyribose Sugar
Phosphate
Hydrogen bonds
Deoxyribonucleic Acid

9. Nitrogenous Bases Purines ________ ring system Pyrimidines
__________
Guanine
Pyrimidines
_________ ring system
Cytosine
___________
Double
Adenine
Single
Thymine

10. Base Compliments Purines pair with pyrimidines Meaning
________________
Adenine pairs with thymine
Cytosine pairs with guanine

11. Erwin Chargaff Found that:
Adenine and _________ were found in equal amounts
Guanine and ___________ were found in equal amounts
Thymine
Cytosine

12. DNA Overview

13. Erwin Chargaff Measured the levels of the nitrogen bases
What conclusions can you make from the chart below?
DNA Source
Adenine
Thymine
Guanine
Cytosine
Calf Thymus
1.7
1.6
1.2
1.0
Beef Spleen
1.5
1.3
Yeast
1.8
1.9
Bacillus
1.1
2.6
2.4

14. DNA Overview
DNA
Hydrogen bonds, double helix, nucleotides, nitrogen bases, pentose sugar, phosphate, backbone, base compliment rule

15. DNA Overview
DNA
Hydrogen bonds, double helix, nucleotides, nitrogen bases, pentose sugar, phosphate, backbone, base compliment rule

16. Complimentary DNA Strands
ACCCTTACT
GTAGTGAG
TTCCGGCCT
AAACTAT

17. Semi-Conservative Replication How does this prevent mutations?

18. DNA Replication Map Helicase breaks hydrogen bonds
Helicase separates strands
Free nucleotides attach to base compliments
Hydrogen bonds form
The original strands are used to make new copies.
Results in two identical strands
Why is this referred to as semi conservative replication?

19. Restriction Enzymes
Cut DNA into __________ at a _______ base __________
fragments
specific
sequence

20. Restriction Enzyme Example #1
Base Sequence:
A T A C G T A C C G T
T A T G C A T G G C A
Restriction Enzyme cuts at TAC
Resulting fragments:
How many fragments did you end up with?

21. Restriction Enzyme Example #2
Base Sequence:
C G C A T T A C A T A
G C G T A A T G T A T
Restriction Enzyme cuts at CAT
Resulting fragments:
How many fragments did you end up with?

22. Restriction Enzyme Example #3
Base Sequence:
A T T G A G C C G G A G
T A A C T C G G C C T C
Restriction Enzyme cuts at GAG
Resulting fragments:
How many fragments did you end up with?

23. Creating a DNA Fingerprint

24. Gel Electrophoresis http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mN5IvS96wNk
Simulation

25. Electrophoresis Map Gel Electrophoresis
What is it used for? Matching fragments? Large fragments? Small fragments?

26. Electrophoresis What is it used for? Large fragments Small fragments
Separate DNA Fragments
Determine if DNA fragments match
Large fragments
More base pairs
Move less
Small fragments
Fewer base pairs
Move further

27. Reading Gels Lanes Matching bands
___________ have the same # of ____________
Indicates ______ fragments came from __________
DNA fragments
Base pairs
Wells
Bands
DNA
the same source

29. What can you determine?

30. Identify

31. Do any of the samples match?

32. OJ Simpson
(DNA Examination)
(Case Info)
(Glove evidence)

33. DNA Technology OJ Simpson Joseph Michael Simpson Our Case The Accused
Case Details
How DNA was Obtained
How DNA was Used in the Case
OJ Simpson
Joseph Michael Simpson
Our Case