1. Kingdom Protista “ The Catch-All Kingdom”

3. Characteristics From the Wordle
Most are unicellular, unless they form colonies
Almost all protists are microscopic
Some have the ability to move independently
Protists are named for their mechanism of movement.
Cilia, flagella and pseudopods are structures used for movement.
65,000 different species
Most heterotrophic, others are autotrophic.
Free-living or parasitic
All capable of asexual reproduction through binary or multiple fission
Some reproduce sexually through conjugation

4. Asexual vs. Sexual Reproduction

5. Asexual reproduction Most protists produce asexually.
Binary Fission- a single celled protist divides into two cells.
The parents DNA is simply copied and the cell divides in half.
Each new offspring is identical to the parent.

6. Sexual reproduction
Some protists have the ability to reproduce sexually.
Conjugation- two parent cells unite, DNA (micronucleus) is transferred between the two cells. The genetic makeup of the offspring contains DNA from both parent cells. Offspring are genetically diverse.

7. Paramecium Conjugation

8. How are protists classified?
Classification
How are protists classified?
Two ways
Mechanisms of movement
Acquisition of food/energy

9. Mechanisms of Movement
Cilia
Flagella
Pseudopod

10. Cilia Cilia are tiny hair-like projections.
Protists use these for movement
Paramecium- cilia line the outside of their plasma membranes.

11. YouTube Clip of paramecium in action

12. Flagella or Flagellum
Flagella are tail-like projections that are used for locomotion.
The euglenoid uses a flagella for movement.
Some bacteria also have flagella.
The human male gamete has a flagella.

13. YouTube Clip of Euglena in action

14. Pseudopods Pseudo= False, Pod= foot  “False-Foot”
The amoeba is a protist that uses a pseudopod for locomotion and to engulf its “prey” or food.
The pseudopod projects outward in a given direction and the rest of the “body” follow.
Cytoplasmic Streaming- the constant movement of the cytoplasm within the cell.

15. Pseudopods
Endo- = in
Endocytosis is the process in which a cell brings in material from outside the cell.
The cell engulfs the food particle.
Exo- = out
Exocyctosis is the process in which a cell sends material out of the cell.
Eliminating waste products.

16. YouTube Clip of an Amoeba in action

17. Acquisition of Energy
All organisms must obtain energy in order to carryout life’s processes.
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is the molecule of energy that all cells need to survive.
Heterotrophic
Heterotrophs must consume other organisms in order to obtain food to convert to energy
Autotrophic
Autotrophs are organisms that have the ability to make their own food and then convert it to energy.

18. 4 Phyla of Protozoans
Sarcodina
Ciliophora
Zoomastigina
Sporozoa

19. Sarcodina Include mostly Amoebas The largest phylum of protists
Characterized by pseudopods.
The largest phylum of protists
11,500 living species
33,000 fossilized species
Eat other protists
Ecological roles:
Most are free-lving
Some are parasitic
Pathogen- some can cause disease
Dysentery Infects the intestinal tract of humans. Symptoms include severe stomach ache, vomiting and diarrhea. Contracted by drinking contaminated water.

20. Ciliophora Characterized by the presence of cilia.
Include the common protists
Paramecium
Stentor
Voticella
Ecological roles:
Most are free-lving
Some are parasitic
Most feed on bacteria
Pathogen- some can cause disease
Bumper Car Disease attacks the blood cells of lobsters. Mostly affects lobsters that are held in captivity for commercial purposes.

21. Zoomastigina Characterized by their flagella 2,500 species
Most free-living
Ecological Role
Mostly free living
Pathogen- disease causing.
African trypanosomiasis- species of protist that causes sleeping sickness. The protist is transmitted by the Tsetse Fly. The disease is endemic to the sub-Saharan region of Africa
Sypmtoms include high fever, headaches and periods of insomnia. Usually goes undiagnosed until it is too late. Eventually, the victims central nervous system is affected and will lead to coma or deathl.
Cause disease – zooflagellates
African trypanosomiasis – sleeping sickness – tsetse fly
Chagas Disease – kissing bug
Leishmaniasis – sand fly
giardiasis

22. Sporozoa Lack locomotor structures Instead they are spore producers.
Examples of spores:
Lack locomotor structures
(NO cilia, flagella, or pseudopod)
Instead they are spore producers.
Spores are tiny seed-like structures that can remain dormant for years. Then when conditions are optimal they will begin to develop into an adult.
6,000 species
Ecological Role
Entirely parasitic and are passed on from host to host.
Plasmodium malariae- species of sporozoa that cause the disease malaria.

23. Malaria Symptoms are similar to the flu. Victims suffer from anemia.
Characterized by the mass loss of red blood cells.
Caused by the protist Plasmodium malariae
P, malariae is transmitted to humans by mosquitoes.

24. Malaria

25. Evolution of Protista Prokaryotes – 3.5 billion years ago
Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
Eukaryotes – 1.5 billion years ago
Protozoan thought to be descendants of the first eukaryotes.
Endosymbiotic Theory
Explains how eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells.

26. Endosymbiotic Theory