1. PROTISTA
CH.21
Sections 21.1, 21.2, 21.3

2. What are protists?
Protists are eukaryotes (mainly single-celled) that are not members of the plant, animal, or fungi kingdoms.

3. Protists—Ancestors and Descendants
The roots of all eukaryotic diversity, from plants to animals, are found among the ancestors of protists.

4. How Protists Move Changing their cell shape Specialized organelles
How do protists move in the environment?
Changing their cell shape
Specialized organelles
Carried by wind, water, or other organisms.

5. Amoeboid Movement

6. Cilia and Flagella
Protists that move using cilia are known as ciliates, and those that move with flagella are called flagellates.

7. Protist Reproduction Asexually = mitosis
How do protists reproduce?
Asexually = mitosis
Life cycles that combine asexual and sexual forms of reproduction = ALTERNATION OF GENERATIONS

8. Cell Division
Mitosis: They duplicate their genetic material and then divide into two genetically identical cells.
Mitosis enables protists to reproduce rapidly, especially under ideal conditions, but it produces cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell, and thus limits the development of genetic diversity.

9. Conjugation
Paramecia and most ciliates reproduce asexually by mitotic cell division.
However, under stress, paramecia can remake themselves through conjugation—a process in which two organisms exchange genetic material.
After conjugating, the cells then reproduce by mitosis.

11. Sexual Reproduction
Many protists have complex sexual life cycles in which they alternate between a diploid and a haploid phase, a process known as alternation of generations.

12. Autotrophic Protists
What is the ecological significance of photosynthetic protists?
The position of photosynthetic protists at the base of the food chain makes much of the diversity of aquatic life possible.
ALGAE! (Al-Gee)

13. Feeding Fish and Whales
Photosynthetic protists make up a large portion of phytoplankton (small, free-floating photosynthetic organisms found near the surface of oceans and lakes)

14. Supporting Coral Reefs
Coral are animals, fed by algae and other plankton.

15. Providing Shelter
The largest known protist is giant kelp, a brown alga that can grow to more than 60 meters in length.
Kelp forests provide shelter for many marine species. Kelp is also a source of food

16. Heterotrophic Protists
How do heterotrophic protists obtain food?
Some engulf and digest their food, while others live by absorbing molecules from the environment.

17. Amoebas
Amoebas can capture and digest their food, surrounding a cell or particle and then taking it inside themselves to form a food vacuole. A food vacuole is a small cavity in the cytoplasm that temporarily stores food.

18. Ciliates
Paramecium and other ciliates use their cilia to sweep food particles into the gullet, an indentation in one side of the organism.
The particles are trapped in the gullet and forced into food vacuoles that form at its base.

19. Mutualists
Trichonympha is an example of a mutualistic protist. Trichonympha is a flagellated protist that lives within the digestive system of termites and makes it possible for the insects to digest wood.

20. Parasites and Disease
Parasitic protists are responsible for some of the world’s most deadly diseases, including several kinds of debilitating intestinal diseases, Giardia, Amebic dysentery, African sleeping sickness, and malaria.

21. Amoebic dysentery
Dysentery: a water-borne disease…caused by a parasite
amoebic dysentery caused by contaminated food and drinks, is the most dangerous amoebae species (mostly found in tropical areas).

22. African sleeping sickness
Human African trypanosomiasis, also known as sleeping sickness, is a parasitic disease. It is caused by protozoan parasites belonging to the genus Trypanosoma. They are transmitted to humans by tsetse fly (Glossina genus) bites which have acquired their infection from human beings or from animals harboring the human pathogen

23. Malaria
Mosquito-borne infectious disease of humans and other animals caused by parasitic protozoans

24. FUNGI CHARACTERISTICS
CELL WALLS
HETEROTROPHIC...Most are “Saprophytes”, decomposers
NON-photosynthetic
EX: molds, yeast, mushrooms, and other assorted “fungi”

25. Hyphae - the vegetative filament.
Anatomy of a mushroom
Hyphae - the vegetative filament.
The fungi cell wall is made of chitin, a complex polysaccharide found in insects. This distinguishes fungi from plants, which have a cell wall made of cellulose.

26. A mat of interwoven hyphae
MYCELIUM
A mat of interwoven hyphae

27. Fungi act as parasites Athletes Foot and Athletes foot treatment
Fungus Nail/ Fungal Nails

28. Fungi form a symbiosis
A lichen is a composite organism that emerges from algae or cyanobacteria (or both) living among filaments of a fungus in a mutually beneficial (symbiotic) relationship

29. Fungi act as decomposers
Gee, they keep me in the dark
and feed me.....
horse manure!