1. Do Now

2. Genetic Engineering

3. How Do We Get the Characteristics We Want?
Selective breeding
Breeding organisms to get desired characteristic
Example: Russian foxes bred for tameness

4. How Do We Get the Characteristics We Want?
Inbreeding: selecting organisms to breed that have similar characteristics
Golden Retrievers
Specific colors
Behavior
Problems: can lead genetic defects like blindness and joint deformities

5. Selective breeding Hybridization breeding two different species
Can result in stronger offspring
Dog-Wolf hybrid

6. THINK!! HOW HAS SELECTIVE BREEDING BENEFITTED OUR WORLD?
Be ready to share an example with the class.
HOW HAS SELECTIVE BREEDING NEGATIVELY AFFECTED OUR WORLD?
Teacher Notes:
Can remove if short on time

7. What is genetic variation?
Is the amount of diversity present in the sequence of genes for a population
Mutations provide that variation
Example: folded ears or straight ears for cats

8. WHY IS GENETIC VARIATION IMPORTANT?
Write your answer on a piece of paper
Crumple your paper into a ball
Throw into bin….
Teacher Note:
Modify as necessary.
While they are answering the question, put the chart for Inbreeding, Hybridization, and Selective Bfreeding on the board. Have them identify if each of these practices increase, decrease or has no effect on genetic variation.

9. What is Genetic Engineering?
Manipulating DNA to
Identify specific genes
Obtain the characteristics we want…

10. What is Genetic Engineering?
Manipulating DNA to ensure characteristics are present or absent
Remove DNA
Cut DNA
Sort DNA
Copy DNA
Paste DNA

11. DNA Extraction
Opening the cell and nucleus using heat, chemicals or physical force
Removing DNA

12. The Tools of Molecular Biology
Cutting DNA
Each restriction enzyme cuts DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides.
Recognition sequences
DNA sequence
Restriction enzyme EcoR I cuts the DNA into fragments
Teacher notes: How is DNA cut? DNA is removed from cell and restriction enzymes are added to cut DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides
Example of Restriction Enzyme: EcoR 1 cuts DNA at CTTAAG
Why are the ends of a DNA fragmwnt called “sticky”? Portion of DNA sequence lacking base pairs – will stick to complementary base sequence with hydrogen bonds.
Molecular biologists have developed different techniques that allow them to study and change DNA molecules. Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sequences. This drawing shows how restriction enzymes are used to edit DNA. The restriction enzyme EcoR I, for example, finds the sequence CTTAAG on DNA. Then, the enzyme cuts the molecule at each occurrence of CTTAAG. The cut ends are called sticky ends because they may “stick” to complementary base sequences by means of hydrogen bonds.
Sticky end
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

13. DNA Sorting Electrophoresis Sorts large and small fragments of DNA
DNA fragments placed in tray
Small fragments move faster and farther than larger fragments

14. Why do we use Electrophoresis?
Can be used to detect changes in DNA sequence
DNA fingerprints for forensic and paternity tests
Which suspect could be the criminal?

15. DNA Copying Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Can make multiple copies of DNA sequences
Since DNA is being replicated, what is the enzyme needed for replication?

16. What do you do with DNA once you’ve…
Cut it (using restriction enzymes)
Sorted it (Electrophoresis)
Copied it (PCR)
Paste it!

17. What is Recombinant DNA?
Combining DNA from different sources.
Steps
DNA is removed from one source
DNA sequences are cut and “pasted” together.
Animation: Mechanism-of-Recombination-3D- animation-with-with-basic-narration.html

18. What is a Transgenic Organisms?
Produced using recombinant DNA technology
Have DNA from two different sources
A specific gene causes these cat to glow in the dark.
Normally, the gene is found in jellyfish
That gene was cut, copied, and pasted into the cat’s DNA.

19. Making Insulin Insulin gene removed from human DNA
Inserted into a bacteria

20. Feline IV FIV – Feline version of HIV
Gene that prevents the FIV from becoming active was inserted along with the gene that caused them to glow
Scientists know that if the cat glows, then the FIV resistant gene was also inserted and is active.

21. Why modify genes? Increase food production
Increase resistance to disease and pests in plants
Treat genetic abnormalities
Produce medical treatments
For example:
Insert human gene for insulin into bacteria
Bacteria replicate quickly through binary fission
Can create tremendous amounts of insulin

22. Clone Wars? What is a “clone”?
Genetically identical individuals created from a single cell.

23. Animation: http://www. hhmi
Students should complete flow chart.
Step 1: Donor cell is removed from donor and nucleus is removed. Surrogate mother donates egg cell. Nucleus is removed from egg cell.
Step 2: Donor nucleus and surrogate egg cell are fused using elect
ric shock
Step 3. Fused cell begins dividing.
Step 4: Fused cell develops into an embryo
Step 5: Embryo is implanted into surrogate mother.
Step 6: Surrogate mother gives birth

24. THINK: Why would we want to clone a individual?
1. To revive an extinct species
2. To ensure survival of endangered species
3. To increase food production
4. To increase medicine production