1. S T A T I S T I C S Translation: In the name of Allah, the Most Merciful, the Most Kind

2. By DR: M NAJEEB MEMON MBBS,DFHC, MPH Faculty of Community Medicine & Public Health sciences LUMHS, Jamshoro, Sind, PAKISTAN mnajeeb80@gmail.com

3. EPIDEMIOLOGY Greek word Basic science of Public Health

4. Epidemiological studies Observational.S (Only measures not intervene) Experimental. S (Interventional. S) Descriptive. s or situ: analysis (occurrence of dis: ) Analytical. s / comparative (Analysis health status & variables) Cohort/ follow up Case control Cross sectional Ecological /correlation Randomized clinical trials Field Trials Community Trials

5. DESCRIPTIVE EPIDEMIOLOGY PROCEDURES: 1. Defining the population of the community 2. Defining the disease under study 3. Describing disease by Person Place Time 4. Measurement of disease 5. Comparing with known indices 6. Formulation of an etiological hypothesis

7. Who is getting sick? Where is the sickness occurring? When is the sickness occurring?

8. 3. Describing disease by Person (Who), Place (Where), Time (When) 1. Person Distribution: (Distribution of Dis: in community—Host characteristics of the persons affected) Age Sex Marital Stat: Occupation Social class Behavior Stress Migration.

10. Epidemiologic Information Person Place Time

11. PERSON WHO is getting the disease? Many variables are involved and studied, but factors such as sex, age & race often have a major effect

12. Person (Who) Age Sex Race/Ethnicity Socio-Economic Status Behaviors

13. Age Age-: certain disease are more frequent in certain age groups than in others. E.g:- Childhood Middle age Old age Measles, Cancer Atherosclerosis chick-pox, Gastro intestinal RTI certain diseases exhibit bimodality ( 2 separate spikes instead of 1) In Hodgkin’s dis:, Leukemia & breast cancer. 1. 15 - 35 ys: 2. & b/w 70-90 Ys:

14. Sex :- The variations in disease frequency between sexes have been scribed to a variety of reasons. Women Diabetes, Hyperthyroidism, Obesity & Tuberculosis in the child-bearing age are strikingly more common in women than in men Differences may be because of Genetic constitution OR cultural and behavioral factors like smoking and alcoholism etc while such disease are more frequent in Men. lung cancer and coronary heart disease

15. Race (Ethnicity): Certain disease have been noted to be related to specific ethnic groups or races as These differences are probably related to genetic and environmental factors further studies are needed to confirm these relationship Tuberculosis, Essential hypertension, Coronary heart disease, Cancer and Sickle cell anemia.

16. Marital Status: Married women more frequent low Unmarried women Rare High Ca cervix Mortality Rate

17. Occupation: Many diseases have emerged which are often named after the profession occupationDiseases Agricultural workers Tetanus Industrial workersRespiratory dusty Dis: Pneumoconiosis, Byssinosis DriversAccidents Cancer may result from contact with such substances as Tar, Nickel, & chromium Byssinosis results from inhalation of cotton dust in textile mills Furniture & shoe makers run the risk of developing ca: nasal.

18. Social class Upper Class Longer life expectancy & better nutritional status. Hypertension, CAD Diabetes Lower Class Malnutrition Communicable diseases especially in children.

19. Behavior Behavioral tendencies & habits of certain groups make them prone to certain conditions. E.g:- Overeating Cigarette smoking Drug addiction Sedentary life may cause CHD, obesity & cancer Migratory population are frequent victims of Inf: dis: like cholera, & Insect borne disease.

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