1. By: Stephen A. Kieffer 1

2. Internal Combustion Engine -Introduction- o My name is Stephen Kieffer … Graduate of Arizona State University … Degree in Aerospace Engineering … Spent a couple years attending Texas A&M Maritime Academy in Galveston … How did I get my Mechanical/Engine building background 2

3. Internal Combustion Engine -Introduction- I grew up in the muscle car era My first car was a 67 Pontiac GTO Built my first engine with that car USMC in 1975 – Spent most of my time stationed in Southern California Raced at Orange County International Raceway (OCIR) Put myself through college and worked part time repairing cars for various people 3

4. Internal Combustion Engine -Introduction- Started work in various positions as an engineer in the Space Shuttle Program I worked in the In-Flight Mechanical group My last position was with the Vehicle Integration Test Team I bought a 1966 Pontiac GTO and restored it in my spare time, rebuilding every aspect of the car How many of you out there have any experience with engines? 4

5. Internal Combustion Engine Several different kinds of engines; Gasoline engines Diesel engines Gas turbine engines Steam engines Radial engine Wankel engines (Last made in 2012) Two stroke vs Four stroke engines Internal vs External Combustion engines 5

6. Internal Combustion Engine What kind of engines do you have on this ship? 6

7. Internal Combustion Engine Steam Turbine (External Combustion) Diesel Generators (Internal Combustion) Gasoline Engines (Internal Combustion) 7

8. Internal Combustion Engine Gasoline Engines; Normally aspirated – Carbureted or fuel injected Requires a spark plug to ignite the fuel in the cylinder Has a piston that moves up and down, as a result of the ignition, turning a crank shaft, which in turns moves the driveshaft 8

9. Internal Combustion Engine Diesel Engine; Requires diesel fuel Operates at a much higher compression than a gasoline engine Requires a glow plug to ignite the fuel Also has as a piston that moves up and down, as a result of the ignition, turning a crank shaft, which in turns moves the driveshaft 9

10. Internal Combustion Engine Diesel Engine con’t; Equipped with a Turbocharger or Supercharger Turbocharger (driven by the exhaust) can theoretically boost manifold pressure up to Atmospheric pressure Supercharger (driven by the crankshaft) can theoretically boost manifold pressure above Atmospheric pressure 10

11. Internal Combustion Engine In this class we will be going over a simple internal combustion engine in an effort to provide you with a better understanding of it’s components and how it operates 11

12. Internal Combustion Engine Two Stroke vs Four Stroke Two Stroke: (Weed eater, small engines, some diesels) Intake/Compression Combustion/Exhaust Four Stroke: Intake Compression Combustion (Ignition, Power stroke) Exhaust 12

13. Internal Combustion Engine Four Stroke Engine; Intake Stroke - Mixed air and fuel enter the cylinder through the carburetor during the intake stroke when the intake valve opens 13

14. Internal Combustion Engine Compression Stroke As the piston moves to the bottom of its travel (BTC), the cylinder bore contains the max air- fuel mixture The intake valve closes and the piston returns back up the cylinder bore The air-fuel mixture is compressed between the piston and the cylinder head 14

15. Internal Combustion Engine Ignition or Power Stroke After the piston reaches the top of its travel (TDC), it will be at its optimum point to ignite the fuel to maximize power A very high voltage is created in the ignition coil and discharge via the spark plug in the combustion chamber creating rapidly expanding super heated gases The piston is forced back down the cylinder as a result of this ignition 15

16. Ignition or Power Stroke Exhaust Stroke When the piston reaches bottom dead center again, the exhaust valve opens As the piston travels back up the cylinder bore, it forces the spend combustion gases through the exhaust valve and out of the exhaust system As the piston reaches Top Dead Center, the exhaust valve closes and the intake valve opens repeating the process 16

17. Internal Combustion Engine Every repetition of the four cycles requires two full rotations of the crankshaft Power is created only during one of the four strokes (every other rotation) On a single cylinder engine the machine is kept running by the flywheels inertia The flywheel is located at the rear of the crankshaft Multiple cylinder engines have a cylinder or two firing during alternate rotations 17

18. Internal Combustion Engine Cooling Systems o Since most engines operate due to an ignition of fuel it follows that you would need some kind of cooling system o Cooling systems depend on application - Air cooled – like the lawn mower engine, older Volkswagens, WWII fighters with the radial engines. 18

19. Internal Combustion Engine Cooling Systems con’t - Larger engines like those in most vehicles are liquid cooled - Water and antifreeze flow through the engine block and cylinder heads. - Technically these engines are air cooled as well as the coolant circulates through a radiator or heat exchanger to cool. - Most vehicles have a thermostat that holds back the coolant until it reaches a certain temperature, then opens allowing the coolant to circulate. 19

20. Internal Combustion Engine 20