1. Type I Interferon Signal Pathway

2. InterferonInterferon (IFNs) is a group of signaling proteins made and released by host cells in response to the presence of several pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, parasites, and also tumor cells. Interferons Interferons belong to cytokine proteins.

3. Functions of IFNs Interferons have the specific ability to interfere with viral replication, also activate immune cells (such as macrophages and natural killer cells) and increase host defenses.

4. Utilization of IFNs IFNs are used to treat hepatitis B and C, herpes simplex, many types of cancer and multiple sclerosis.

5. Classification of IFNs: Type I IFN, Type II IFN, and Type III IFN Type I IFNs: Mainly involved in innate immune response against viral infection.

6. The RIG-I-MAVS signal pathway is activated by RNA viruses. The cGAS-STING signal pathway is activated by DNA viruses. Interferon Production

7. IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 The IFNAR1 subunit is associated with tyrosine kinase-2 (TYK2). The IFNAR2 subunit is associated with JAK1. Interferon Receptors

8. Following ligand binding, activation of IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 result in dimerization. The dimer is rearranged by auto phosphorylation and activate the downstream proteins, such as signal transducer and activator of transcription (STATs), VAV/GEFs, and IRS12/PI3K.

9. Interferon JAK- STAT Signal Pathway

10. MAPK Cascade

11. PI3K-mTOR Signal Pathway

12. It is shown that IFN-α and IFN-β activated classical JAK-STAT signal pathway, MAPK cascade, and PI3K/mTOR signal pathway.IFN-α There are cross reactions between different signal pathways. Summary

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