1. Demand & Supply Together

2.  How is the price of a good determined?  The market forces of supply AND demand work simultaneously to determine the price.  The law of supply and demand  The price of any good will adjust to bring the quantity supplied and quantity demanded into balance.

3.  Equilibrium point  Graphically, the intersection of supply and demand  Equilibrium price  The price that causes quantity supplied to equal quantity demanded.  The price that “clears the market”  Equilibrium quantity  The numerical quantity (supplied and demanded) at the equilibrium price

4.  Shortage  Q D > Q S  Occurs at any price below equilibrium  Price will rise over time toward equilibrium  Why does price rise over time with a shortage?  Consumers who value the product will “outbid” other consumers or otherwise show a higher willingness to pay.  Suppliers will see that the price can be raised without a decrease in sales.

5.  Surplus  Q S > Q D  Occurs at any price above equilibrium  Price will fall over time toward equilibrium.  Why does price fall over time with a surplus?  Firms will have to eventually get rid of mounting inventories of goods.  To do this, they must lower their prices.

7.  Equilibrium - a situation  Market price has reached the level :  Quantity supplied = quantity demanded  Equilibrium price - the price:  Balances quantity supplied and quantity demanded  Equilibrium quantity  Quantity supplied and the quantity demanded at the equilibrium price 7

8. 8 8 Supply 0121011912345678 Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones $3.00 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 Price of Ice-Cream Cones Equilibrium Demand Equilibrium price Equilibrium quantity The equilibrium is found where the supply and demand curves intersect. At the equilibrium price, the quantity supplied equals the quantity demanded. Here the equilibrium price is $2.00: At this price, 7 ice-cream cones are supplied, and 7 ice- cream cones are demanded.

9.  Surplus  Quantity supplied > quantity demanded  Excess supply  Downward pressure on price  Shortage  Quantity demanded > quantity supplied  Excess demand  Upward pressure on price 9

10. 9 10 Price of Ice Cream Cones Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones 0 Demand 7 $2.50 (a) Excess Supply In panel (a), there is a surplus. Because the market price of $2.50 is above the equilibrium price, the quantity supplied (10 cones) exceeds the quantity demanded (4 cones). Suppliers try to increase sales by cutting the price of a cone, and this moves the price toward its equilibrium level. In panel (b), there is a shortage. Because the market price of $1.50 is below the equilibrium price, the quantity demanded (10 cones) exceeds the quantity supplied (4 cones). With too many buyers chasing too few goods, suppliers can take advantage of the shortage by raising the price. Hence, in both cases, the price adjustment moves the market toward the equilibrium of supply and demand (b) Excess demand 2.00 Supply Surplus 4 Quantity demanded 10 Quantity supplied Price of Ice Cream Cones Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones 0 Demand 7 1.50 $2.00 Supply Shortage 4 Quantity supplied 10 Quantity demanded

11.  Law of supply and demand  The price of any good adjusts  Bring the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded into balance  In most markets  Surpluses and shortages are temporary 11

12.  Three steps to analyzing changes in equilibrium 1. Decide: the event shifts the supply curve, the demand curve, or both curves 2. Decide: curve shifts to right or to left 3. Use supply-and-demand diagram  Compare initial and new equilibrium  How the shift affects equilibrium price and quantity 12

13. 3 13 1.Decide whether the event shifts the supply or demand curve (or perhaps both). 2.Decide in which direction the curve shifts. 3.Use the supply-and demand diagram to see how the shift changes the equilibrium price and quantity.

14. 10 14 Supply New equilibrium D2D2 An event that raises quantity demanded at any given price shifts the demand curve to the right. The equilibrium price and the equilibrium quantity both rise. Here an abnormally hot summer causes buyers to demand more ice cream. The demand curve shifts from D 1 to D 2, which causes the equilibrium price to rise from $2.00 to $2.50 and the equilibrium quantity to rise from 7 to 10 cones Price of Ice-Cream Cones Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones 0 7 $2.50 2.00 10 D1D1 Initial equilibrium 1.Hot weather increases the demand for ice cream... 2. …resulting in a higher price... 3. …and a higher quantity sold.

15.  Shifts in curves versus movements along curves  Shift in the supply curve  Change in supply  Movement along a fixed supply curve  Change in the quantity supplied  Shift in the demand curve  Change in demand  Movement along a fixed demand curve  Change in the quantity demanded 15

16.  Example: A change in market equilibrium due to a shift in supply  One summer - a hurricane destroys part of the sugarcane crop  Price of sugar - increases  Effect on the market for ice cream? 1. Change in price of sugar - supply curve 2. Supply curve - shifts to the left 3. Higher equilibrium price; lower equilibrium quantity 16

17. 11 17 S1S1 New equilibrium S2S2 An event that reduces quantity supplied at any given price shifts the supply curve to the left. The equilibrium price rises, and the equilibrium quantity falls. Here an increase in the price of sugar (an input) causes sellers to supply less ice cream. The supply curve shifts from S 1 to S 2, which causes the equilibrium price of ice cream to rise from $2.00 to $2.50 and the equilibrium quantity to fall from 7 to 4 cones Price of Ice-Cream Cones Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones 0 7 $2.50 2.00 4 Demand Initial equilibrium 1. An increase in the price of sugar reduces the supply of ice cream... 2. …resulting in a higher price... 3. …and a smaller quantity sold.

18.  Example: shifts in both supply and demand  One summer: hurricane and heat wave 1. Heat wave – shift demand curve; hurricane – shift supply curve 2. Demand curve shifts to the right; Supply curve shifts to the left 3. Equilibrium price raises  If demand increases substantially while supply falls just a little: equilibrium quantity –rises  If supply falls substantially while demand rises just a little: equilibrium quantity falls 18

19. 12 19 Price of Ice Cream Cones Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones 0 D1D1 P2P2 (a) Price Rises, Quantity Rises Here we observe a simultaneous increase in demand and decrease in supply. Two outcomes are possible. In panel (a), the equilibrium price rises from P 1 to P 2, and the equilibrium quantity rises from Q 1 to Q 2. In panel (b), the equilibrium price again rises from P 1 to P 2, but the equilibrium quantity falls from Q 1 to Q 2. (b) Price Rises, Quantity Falls P1P1 S1S1 Q1Q1 Q2Q2 D2D2 S2S2 Initial equilibrium New equilibrium Small decrease in supply Large increase in demand Price of Ice Cream Cones Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones 0 D1D1 P2P2 P1P1 S1S1 Q1Q1 Q2Q2 D2D2 S2S2 Initial equilibrium New equilibrium Large decrease in supply Small increase in demand

20. 4 20 No change In Supply An increase In Supply A decrease In supply No change In demand An increase In demand A decrease In demand P same Q same P up Q up P down Q down P down Q up P ambiguous Q up P Down Q ambiguous P up Q down P up Q ambiguous P ambiguous Q down

21. ChangeIllustration Impact on Price and Quantity Demand increases The demand curve shifts to the right. As a result, the equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity increase. Supply increases The supply curve shifts to the right. As a result, the equilibrium price declines and the equilibrium quantity increases.

22. ChangeIllustration Impact on Price and Quantity Demand decreases The demand curve shifts to the left. As a result, the equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity decrease. Supply decreases The supply curve shifts to the left. As a result, the equilibrium price increases and the equilibrium quantity decreases.

23.  If you take away just one thing from this course, it will probably be “supply and demand.”  In competitive markets, supply and demand allow prices to adjust toward equilibrium.  In equilibrium, the markets clears. This means there are no surpluses or shortages.

24.  Supply and demand play a key role in determining prices in the market economy. Prices established through this process help allocate resources.  A market consists of a group of buyers and sellers for a particular product or service.  The demand curve is downward-sloping.  The supply curve is upward-sloping.

25.  A change in the price of a good will cause  A movement along the demand curve  A movement along the supply curve  Changes other than price  Cause a shift in demand  Cause a shift in supply  Supply and demand interact through the process of market coordination.  The equilibrium is the balancing point between the two opposing forces. The market clearing price and output are determined at the equilibrium point.  Shortages and surpluses are resolved in competitive markets.

26. THANK YOU