1. Prof. Pratik D Viramgama Assistant Professor Department Of Civil Engineering Introduction To Building Construction Subject Code : 2130607

2. Teaching and Examination Scheme: TeachingCreditsExamination MarksTotal Marks Scheme LTPLTPCTheory MarksPractical Marks 3 10470(GTU)+30(Mid)30(Ex.V)+20(PA)=150

3. General :An Overview Components of Buildings Types of Buildings Design Loads

4. The basic needs of a human being are food, clothing and a shelter (Roti, Kapda, Makan).The primitive man was using mountainous caves and hollows of trees as a shelter. But, then he followed the art of nature & constructed his first home as ‘hut’, using bamboos and leaves, as the first civil engineering construction carried out to satisfy the needs for a shelter.

5. Now the art of creating the structure which was a shelter in the primitive stages, employed modern techniques to make the structure satisfy the practical needs as well as to meet the aesthetical requirements. A man conceived an idea of intended structure, assessed the requirements in accommodation, planned and designed the structure to suit its purpose giving due thought to site, climate, character and style of the building.

6. National Building Code of India defines the building as : ‘Anystructureforwhatsoeverpurposeandof whatsoevermaterialsconstructedand everypartthereof whateverusedforhumanhabitationornot,includesallthe structuralelementslikefoundation,plinth,walls,floors,roofs, etc. with all building services like W.C., Bath, Stair, etc.

7. Duetotheeconomicpressureandduetotheindustrial developments and due to the needs of infrastructure development, many new methods and material of construction are developed. The use of reinforced concrete construction triggered the rapid development of modern architecture. Functional structural components such as columns, beams, chhajjas, canopies, RCC slabs became increasingly popular because of the increased speed in construction.

8. A building has two basic components : 1.Foundation or Substructure 2.Superstructure The portion of the building below the surrounding ground is termed as sub- structure and the portion of the building above the ground is known as superstructure.

9.  Foundation is the lowest part of a building or a structure below the ground level, which is in direct contact with the ground and transmits the load coming from the superstructure on the subsoil below it.  The foundation may consist of concrete, stone and brick footings above the base concrete.  Depending upon the type of soil, its safe bearing capacity and the type of building to be constructed, a structure may be provided with shallow or deep foundations.

10.  The portion of the building above ground upto the top of the floor immediately above the ground is known as plinth.  The plinth height should be such that after levelling of the ground adjoining the building, the rain water may not enter the ground floor.

12.  The purpose of a floor is to provide a level surface for the occupants of a building, furniture, equipment, etc.

13.  The walls are constructed by the use of building units, such as bricks,stones,concreteblocks,etc.bondedtogetherwith mortar is termed as masonry.  The walls are provided to enclose or to divide the floor space into rooms as per requirement and also provide privacy, security and protection against sun, wind, rain.  The column is an isolated vertical load bearing member of small section of concrete or stone or brick masonry.

15.  Adoor providesaccessinto theroom,offersprivacy of sight and sound. The width and height of the door should be such as to provide comfortable entry and exit to the users.  A window is an opening made in the wall for providing light and ventilation.  Aventilatorisasmallopeningmadeinthewall,providedat lintel for the removal of exhaust air or foul gases.

16.  The stair is series of steps arranged to connect the different floors of a building. The stair should solocated as to provide easy, safe and comfortable mode of communication. It may be made of timber, stone, bricks, steel or reinforced concrete, etc.

17.  A roof is the uppermost part of a building to cover the space below and protect it from sun, wind, rain and snow, etc.  A roof may be flat, pitched or curved in shape. The flat roof maybeofRCCslabandpitchedroofmaybetrussed structure covering material or curved roof may be a shell or dome.

18.  The building finishes are used to give protective covering to the various building components against natural agencies and also they provide decorative effects.  Thebuildingfinishesareplastering,pointing,painting, etc.

19.  Thebuildingservicesincludeserviceslikewatersupply, drainage,sanitation,lighting, electricity, heating, ventilation, air conditioning, fire protection, etc.

20.  Thebuildingsareclassifiedaccordingtouseor character of occupancy as below : 1. Residential buildings 2. Educational buildings 3. Institutional buildings 4. Assembly buildings 5. Business building 6. Mercantile buildings 7. Industrial buildings 8. Storage buildings 9. Hazardous buildings

21.  Thesebuildingsincludeanybuildingsusedfornormal residentialpurposes,suchassleeping,cookinganddining facilities, etc.  Itincludessingleortwin-unitdwellings,apartmentsorflats, restaurants or hotels, etc.

22.  These include any building used for school, collage or day- care purposes involving assembly for instruction, education or recreation.

23.  These buildings are used for the purposes, such as medical or care of persons suffering from physical or mental illness or disease, care of infants, convalescents or aged persons and for penal or correctional detention in which the liberty of the inmates is restricted.  The institutional buildings ordinarily provide sleeping accommodation for the occupants. They includes hospitals, nursing homes, jails, and mental hospitals, etc.

24.  These are the buildings, where groups of people meet together foramusements,recreation,social,religious,political,civil, travel and similar purposes, such as – theaters, motion picture house, assembly halls, marriage halls, museums, skating rings, gymnasiums, auditoriums, dance halls, club- rooms, passenger, stations and terminals of air, surface, marine and other public transportation services.

25.  These buildings are used for transaction of business for keeping of accounts and records and for similar purpose, offices, banks, courts houses, libraries.  The principal function of these buildings is transaction of public business and keeping of books and records.

26.  Thesebuildingsareusedasshops,stores,market,for display and sale of merchandise either wholesale or retail.  These are the buildings where products or materials of all kindsandpropertiesarefabricated,assembled, manufactured or processed, as assembly plants, laboratories, drycleaning plants, power plants, refineries, dairies and saw mills.

27.  These buildings are used primarily for the storage or sheltering of goods,waresormerchandise,aswarehouses, coldstorageplants etc.

28.  These buildings are used for the storage, handling, manufacture orprocessingofhighlycombustibleorexplosivematerialsor products, which are liable to burn with extreme rapidly and which may produce poisonous elements or explosives, for storage, handling, manufacturing or processing highly corrosive, toxic or noxious alkalies, acid or other liquids or chemical producing flames, fumes and explosive, etc.

29.  The structure components of the building should be strong enough to withstand all possible loads coming over it. The various types of loads as per IS: 875- 1987 is as follows : 1. Dead loads 2. Live loads 3. Wind loads 4. Earthquake loads 5. Snow loads

30.  Dead load on a structure is the result of the weight of the permanent components such as beams, floor slabs, columns andwalls.Thesecomponentswillproducethesame constant'dead'loadduringthelifespanofthebuilding. Dead loads are exerted in the vertical plane.  Dead load = volume of member x unit weight of materials

31.  By calculating the volume of each member and multiplying bytheunitweightofthematerialsfromwhichitis composed,anaccuratedeadloadcanbedeterminedfor each component.  The different components can then be added together to determine the dead load for the entire structure.

32.  Dead load  m3m3 beam10.0x ofreinforced 0.6x concrete 0.3=1.8 =24 kN/m3kN/m3  Volumeof Unitweight Therefore, deadload ofbeam=volumexunitweight = 1.8 m 3 x 24 kN/m 3 = 43.2 kN

33. Table: Dead load comparisons of various materials MaterialUnit weight kN/m 3 Plain concrete Reinforced concrete Glass Mild steel Hardwood Softwood 23.5 24 25.5 77 11 8

34.  All unfixed items in a building such as people and furniture result in a 'live' load on the structure. Live loads are exerted in the vertical plane. Live loads are variable as they depend on usage and capacity, therefore the AS 1170 table provides allowances which are based on conservative estimates.  Forexample,thelive loadfor afloor in ahouseisgivenas 1.5kPa compared to a dance hall floor live load of 5.0 kPa. It is reasonable to expect that a dance hall would have more people in it than a house.

35.  Live load  Area of floor = 6.0 m x 4.0 m = 24 m 2 Live load rating of a house = 1.5 kPa Therefore, live load of floor = 24 m 2 x 1.5 kPa = 36 kN

36. Table :Live load comparisons Live loads for floors as per building usage Uniformly distributed load kPa or kN/m 2 Houses Flats, apartments, motel bedrooms Offices Workshops Parking, vehicle > 2.5 t Hospitals, school assembly areas with fixed seating Dance halls, bars, lounges 1.5 2.0 3.0 5.0 3.0 5.0