1. Safety Features found in Cars John Chief-Investigator HCI INSURANCE PTE LTD LANG GAR! : Physics PBL Team 8 : Wee Yong | Daniel | Hao Yuan

2. Crumple zone Designed to absorb energy from impact during an accident by controlled deformation Manage crash energy, absorbing it within outer parts of vehicle rather than being directly transmitted to occupants, while also preventing deformation of passenger cabin Achieved by controlled weakening of sacrificial outer parts of the car, while strengthening and increasing rigidity of inner part of body of car

3. Crumple zone An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force If a vehicle is travelling at 50 mph, so are the bodies inside If this vehicle stops abruptly into a solid wall, the bodies will feel the need to keep going in the same direction at 50 mph Even if the bodies themselves stop, the internal organs will continue to move, thus causing severe injuries. Crumple zones absorb the crash energy developed during an impact, as certain parts of the car are designed to allow deformations

4. Crumple zone F = ma If the time required by the vehicle to stop increases, the force experienced by the automobile and its occupants decreases Crumple zones delay the collision. Instead of having two rigid bodies instantaneously colliding, crumple zones increase the time before the vehicle comes to a halt. Deceleration is reduced, and the force of impact decreases.

5. AIRBAG Occupant restraint consisting of a flexible envelope designed to inflate rapidly during a collision cushioning the impact of collision preventing occupants from striking interior objects such as steering wheel or window Designed to only inflate in mild to severe frontal crashes

7. Airbag Ft = m Δv The greater the time over which the collision occurs, the smaller the force acting upon the object. Thus, to minimize effect of the force on an object involved in a collision, the time must be increased. When encountering a car collision, the driver and passenger tend to keep moving in accord with Newton's first law, resulting in a large force exerted over a short time in order to stop their momentum. Air bags extends the time required to stop the momentum of the driver and passenger, hence minimizing the effect of the force on an object involved in a collision.

8. Airbag Pressure exerted anywhere in a confined incompressible fluid is transmitted equallya in all directions throughout the fluid such that the pressure ratio (initial difference) remains the same The airbag exerts an equal pressure on all points in contact with it. The same force is distributed over a larger area, reducing the maximum pressure on the body.

9. Seat Belt Safety harness designed to secure occupant against harmful movement that result from collision or sudden stop Reduce injuries by stopping wearer from hitting hard interior elements of vehicle ensuring wearer is in the correct position for airbag to deploy prevent passenger from being thrown from the vehicle Absorbs energy by being designed to stretch during any sudden deceleration less speed differential between passenger's body and vehicle interior spread loading of impact on passengers body.

10. Seat Belt Ft = m Δv Seat belt holds the driver back, expelling the kinetic energy of their movement into the soft fibres. Seat belts are made of cloth and are flexible, increasing the time the body takes to slow down. Recalling impulse and momentum, increased time of impact results in lesser impact force. By slowing down more gradually the force on the body is many times less then it would be if it stopped almost instantly as it would if slamming into a rigid object.

11. Seat Belt Moderate amount of stretch in seatbelt harness can extend the stopping distance and reduce average impact force on wearer. If the belt stretched 0.5 ft in the scenario, it would reduce the deceleration to 20 g's and the average impact force to 3200 lb.

12. References http://www.money-zine.com/Financial-Planning/Leasing-or-Buying-a- Car/Car-Safety-Features/http://www.money-zine.com/Financial-Planning/Leasing-or-Buying-a- Car/Car-Safety-Features/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crumple_zone http://www.autoevolution.com/news/how-crumple-zones-work-7112.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbag http://www.explainthatstuff.com/airbags.html http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/momentum/u4l1c.cfm http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/seatb2.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal's_law http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seat_belt http://www.ehow.com/how-does_4925504_how-seat-belts-work.html http://autofyz6.wordpress.com/2008/04/23/the-physics-of-seat-belts/