1. NATIVE TEXANS 1

2. 2 Native TexansGeographic (Region) PoliticalEconomicSocial/Culture Coahuiltecans Coastal PlainsSmall, nomadic related bands that were part of a larger tribe. Each band had a shaman who was the spiritual and medical person for the tribe Hunted small animals of South Texas and lived off the land and may have traded with other nomadic Coahuiltecans Adaptable tribal group – Use resources from the environment for food, decoration, and use. Wore few clothes due to the hot, humid weather Women did most of the work because men were in constant search for food. Mitotes – Dances or festivals to give thanks for a victory, for finding food or some other event in which they were thankful. Karankawas Coastal PlainsTraveled in bands of thirty to forty people headed by a chief Used dugout canoes to fish and hunted small animals. Traded with other Karankawa groups Very tall – Men and women were very tall. Men were muscular and well built and women very attractive Painted and tattooed body Smeared body with alligator grease to prevent mosquitoes from biting them Every child was given two names a public name and a secret name believed to be magical

3. 3 Native TexansGeographic (Region) PoliticalEconomicSocial/Culture Caddos Welcomed the Spanish with the word Tejas which means “friendship.” That is how Texas got its name. Coastal Plains Piney Woods of East Texas Chief – An inherited position called a caddi Council of wise men that kept order and solved problems Confederation – Loosely banded group of tribes that made some decisions for the Caddo nation Farmers, tanners, potters and other specialty items which they traded Farmed large amounts of vegetables Hunted small animals Wore clothes of deer and buffalo skin that were decorated and wore jewelry made of beads and bone Lived in grass huts that looked like beehives or haystacks Matrilineal – Children belonged to the mother’s clan, men moved into the lodge of their wife, and women could divorce their husbands by simply throwing his belonging out of the lodge. Built mounds where they built their temples, priests’ homes and homes for important families. These mounds were where the Caddo held religious ceremonies and buried their leaders. Atakapan Coastal Plains– From Galveston Bay as far north as present day Huntsville Small bands with no overall chief Fished, hunted and gathered food throughout East Texas Traded for things they needed and could not hunt or gather for themselves Lived in small lodges that were made of tree branches covered with hides Men wore animal hides and women wore skirts of Spanish moss and grasses Tattooed and painted their bodies Used alligator oil to repel mosquitoes because of this they smelled

4. 4 Native TexansGeographic (Region) PoliticalEconomicSocial/Culture Comanches Great Plains of west Texas Called Comancheria Lived in bands that were connected through blood relations Each band had a chief chosen by members of the band and a war chief chosen by warriors for each campaign Hunted buffalo, elk, and bear and used every part of them to survive Collected wild plants to balance their diet but did not farm Lived in tepees made of buffalo hides Wore clothes made of buffalo hides The men grew very long hair and wore it in braids Fierce warriors After the Europeans came and introduced the horse, they became very important resources to them. Apaches Great Plains / Mountains and Basins Family bands that were loosely organized under a chief A chief proved himself by age, skill and wisdom Made up of Lipan and Mescalero Apache groups Hunters and gatherers of buffalo, deer, antelope, javelina, and wild turkeys Small gardens that they used to trade with other groups Apache is a pueblo word that means enemy Pierced ears and wore copper and shell jewelry Clothing was made from buffalo and deer hides Women wore long hair which they kept in a braid Men cut the hair on the left side level with the top of their ear and the right side they grew long Tepees made of buffalo hides and some lived in lodges Superstitious

5. 5 Native TexansGeographic (Region) PoliticalEconomicSocial/Culture Jumano Mountains and Basins Each village was led by a chief who settled problems We do not know how the Jumano traders governed themselves Made up of two groups. One group was hunter-gatherers who traded across Texas and the other group farmed living in large villages along the Rio Grande and Concho Rivers. Farmed corn, beans, squash gourds and cotton (Did not irrigate crops relied on rain) Traded with other Native groups. They were part of a large trade network The Pueblo Jumanos lived in homes called pueblos made from adobe Tattooed and painted their bodies Women wore their hair long Men cut their hair short to about the middle of their scalp. It looked like a cap and left a lock of hair in the middle which they tied feathers to. The men wore buffalo hides and the women wore deerskin skirts and ponchos. Tiguas Mountains and Basins Governed by a chief who was a medicine man A governor, war chief, and four captains advised the chief Farmers who grew corn and other vegetables Hunted small animals Built pueblo homes made from adobe. Built around a plaza where people could walk and meet each other. Built irrigation systems Still live in Texas today

6. 6 Native TexansGeographic (Region) PoliticalEconomicSocial/Culture Wichita North Central Plains Chiefs that led tribes and assisted by sub- chiefs. Adult men were asked for advice and warriors smoked the peace pipe to show they were serious about reaching a good decision. Hunted buffalo as well as farmed fields of corn, beans, and squash. Lived in thatched beehive homes much like the Caddos Most dressed of all the Natives – Wore clothes made of tanned hides that covered them from their chins to their ankles, and jewelry Tattooed around their eyes that made them look like they had raccoon eyes. For this reason they were called “Raccoon Eyes.” Matrilineal – The Wichita lines descended through their mothers Believed in an after life