1. WASTE MANAGEMENT PRESENTED BY- RAMU VERMA CLASS- M.Sc. II SEMESTER DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY SHIA P.G. COLLEGE LUCKNOW

2. WASTE  “Any materials unused and rejected as worthless or unwanted” and “A useless or profitless activity; using or expending or consuming thoughtlessly or carelessly” OR  It is defined as: Waste (also known as rubbish, trash, refuse, garbage, junk) is any unwanted or useless materials.

3. INTRODUCTION  Since the beginning, Human kind has been generating waste.  It could be in the form of:  Bones  Other parts of animals they slaughter  Wood  With the progress of civilization the waste generated became of a more complex nature.

4. TYPES OF WASTE  Solid Waste  Liquid Waste  Gaseous Wastes  Animal by-products  Biodegradable waste  Biomedical waste

5. SOLID WASTE “Non-liquid, non-soluble materials ranging from municipal garbage to industrial wastes that contain complex and sometimes hazardous substances”

6. TYPES OF SOLID WASTE  Broadly there are 3 types of waste which are as follows: 1. Household waste is generally classified as Municipal waste 2. Industrial waste as Hazardous waste 3. Biomedical waste or Hospital waste as Infectious waste

7. MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE  Municipal solid waste consists of: Household waste Construction and demolition debris Sanitation residue Waste from streets.

8.  With rising urbanization and change in lifestyle and food habits, the amount of municipal solid waste has been increasing rapidly and its composition changing.  The existing landfills are neither well equipped or well managed and are not lined properly to protect against contamination of soil and groundwater.

9. HAZARDOUS WASTE  Industrial and hospital waste is considered hazardous as they may contain toxic substances.  Hazardous wastes could be highly toxic to humans, animals, and plants. They are  Corrosive  Highly inflammable, or explosive  React when exposed to certain things e.g. gases

10.  Hospital waste contaminated by chemicals used in hospitals is considered hazardous.  These chemicals include formaldehyde and phenols, which are used as disinfectants.

11.  In the industrial sector, the major generators of hazardous waste are the metal, chemical, paper, pesticide, dye, refining, and rubber goods industries.  Direct exposure to chemicals in hazardous waste such as mercury and cyanide can be fatal.

12. HOSPITAL WASTE  Hospital waste is generated during the diagnosis, treatment, or immunization of human beings or animals  It may include wastes like  Sharps  Soiled waste  Disposables  Anatomical waste  Cultures  Discarded medicines  Chemical wastes

13. CAUSES OF SOLID WASTE  The main sources for solid wastes are domestic, commercial, industrial, municipal, and agricultural wastes.  The composition of a city waste is as follows:  Paper, wood, cardboard 53 %  Garbage 22 %  Ceramics, glass, crockery 10 %  Metals 8 %  Rubber, plastics, discarded textiles 7 %

14. EFFECTS OF WASTE a) Health Hazard  If solid wastes are not collected and allowed to accumulate, they may create unsanitary conditions.  This may lead to epidemic outbreaks.  Many diseases like cholera, diarrhea, dysentery, plague, jaundice, or gastro-intestinal diseases may spread and cause loss of human lives.  In addition, improper handling of the solid wastes is a health hazard for the workers who come in direct contact with the waste

15. Environmental Impact b) If the solid wastes are not treated properly, decomposition and putrefaction (decay) may take place.  The organic solid waste during decomposition may generate obnoxious (intolerable) odors.

16. WASTE MANAGEMENT 4 R’s CONCEPT  Four Rs (Refuse, Reuse, Recycle and Reduce) to be followed for waste management.

17. REFUSE  Instead of buying new containers from the market, use the ones that are in the house. Refuse to buy new items though you may think they are prettier than the ones you already have.

18. REUSE  Do not throw away the soft drink cans or the bottles; cover them with homemade paper or paint on them and use them as pencil stands or small vases.

19. REDUCE  Reduce the generation of unnecessary waste, e.g. carry your own shopping bag when you go to the market and put all your purchases directly into it.

20. CONTROL MEASURES  The main purpose of solid waste management is to minimize the adverse effects on the environment. The steps involved are: Collection of solid wastes Disposal of solid wastes Utilization of wastes

21. RECYCLING  Recycling refers to the collection and reuse of waste materials such as empty beverage containers.  The materials from which the items are made can be reprocessed into new products.  Material for recycling may be collected separately from general waste using dedicated bins and collection vehicles, or sorted directly from mixed waste streams.

22. CONCLUSION  The overall conclusion of the study on present status of waste management in India as follows: 1.There is a limited focus on control mechanisms which is adversely effecting on safety, health and the environment. 2.Regulations are inadequately enforced and SWM does not seem to be a priority. 3.None of the cities has an integrated solid waste management system

23. THANK YOU