1. Course of lectures «Contemporary Physics: Part2» Lecture №1 Optics. The Nature of Light. Measurements of the Speed of Light. The Ray Approximation in Geometric Optics. Reflection. Refraction. Huygens's Principle. Dispersion and Prisms. Total Internal Reflection. Fermat's Principle. Lecture №1 Optics. The Nature of Light. Measurements of the Speed of Light. The Ray Approximation in Geometric Optics. Reflection. Refraction. Huygens's Principle. Dispersion and Prisms. Total Internal Reflection. Fermat's Principle.

2. COURSE DESCRIPTION 2

3. REQUIREMENTS TO A STUDENT 3

4. 1.Raymond A. Serway, John W. Jewett Physics for Scientists and Engineers, 2006 2.Raymond A. Serway, John W. Jewett Physics for Scientists and Engineers with modern physics, 2008 3.Ye.A. Daineko, Educational-methodical manual Laboratory Practicum On The Subject «Physics-2». International Information Technologies University Press, Almaty 2012, 120 p. ISBN 978-601-7407-02-5 4.И.В. Савельев. Курс общей физики, том III; Высшая школа (ВШ), 1971 г. 5.Г.С.Ландсберг. Оптика. М.; Наука, 1976. 6.А.Н.Матвеев. Оптика. М.; ВШ. 1985.Д.В.Сивухин. Общий курс физики. Т.4. Оптика. М.; Наука, 1985. Literature

5. Optics Optics is the branch of physics which involves the behaviour and properties of light, including its interactions with matter and the construction of instruments that use or detect it. Optics usually describes the behaviour of visible, ultraviolet, and infrared light. Because light is an electromagnetic wave, other forms of electromagnetic radiation such as X-rays, microwaves, and radio waves exhibit similar properties. Electromagnetic radiation (EM radiation or EMR) is a form of radiant energy released by certain electromagnetic processes. Visible light is one type of electromagnetic radiation, other familiar forms are invisible electromagnetic radiations such as X-rays and radio waves. Optical range - the whole range of vibration frequencies of electromagnetic waves, which can operate without being destroyed with devices of Physical Optics. For frequencies lower than the frequencies of the optical band, it is difficult to construct optical systems according to the laws of physical optics, and electromagnetic field of higher frequencies, as a rule, passes through any substance without changing properties or destroys it.

6. Scale of EM waves

8. История оптики1 Пифагор 570 г. до н.э считал, что объекты становятся видимыми благодаря “выстреливаемым” ими крохотным частицам, попадающим в глаз человека. Эмпедокл (ок. 493 – 433 до н.э.) выдвинул теорию окулярных пучков, по которой предметы становятся видимыми благодаря использованию неуловимого щупальца, простирающегося от глаза и захватывающего видимый предмет. По существу, пытался свести зрение к осязанию. Аристотель (384-322 гг. до н.э.) Написал первый учебник физики, установил основные законы оптических явлений: прямолинейное распространение света, отражение световых лучей от зеркальных поверхностей, преломление лучей на границе прозрачных сред, например, стекла и воздуха

9. История оптики2 Эвклид (III в. до н. э.) в трактатах “Оптика” и “Катоптрика” изложены результаты оптических исследований законов распространения и отражения света. Считается основоположником геометрической оптики. По преданию, Архимед сжег римский флот близ Сиракуз с помощью “зажигательных” вогнутых зеркал. Архимед (287-212 гг. до н.э.) Герон Александрийский ( I-II вв. н. э.) Преподавал в Александрии, Клавдий Птолемей (Альмагест) (II в. н. э.)- астроном Ибн ал-Хайсам (Альхазен) (965-1039), XIII в – прозрачное стекло, очки, зеркала (Фландрия) II – XVI - в Европе господство инквизиции

10. История оптики3 Галилео Галилей (1564 - 1642) создатель мастерской производства телескопов и подзорных труб, положил начало крушению инквизиции (подзорные трубы использовались в военом деле). Иоганн Кеплер (1571 -1630) Сформулировал основной закон фотометрии: обратно-пропорциональная зависимость между освещенностью и квадратом расстояния до источника света. Главным трудом по оптике стал трактат - "Диоптрика“. (оптическая ось, фокус системы) Исаак Ньютон (1643 - 1727) Основоположник современной физики. Создал огромный труд “Математические начала натуральной философии”, Оптические исследования изложил в учебнике “Оптика” (1704).

11. The Nature of Light According to Einstein’s theory, the energy of a photon is proportional to the frequency of the electromagnetic wave: Planck’s constant Light exhibits the characteristics of a wave in some situations and the characteristics of a particle in other situations. (1.1)

12. Measurements of the Speed of Light Roemer’s Method

13. Measurements of the Speed of Light Fizeau’s Method

14. The Ray Approximation in Geometric Optics The field of geometric optics involves the study of the propagation of light, with the assumption that light travels in a fixed direction in a straight line as it passes through a uniform medium and changes its direction when it meets the surface of a different medium or if the optical properties of the medium are nonuniform in either space or time.

15. The Ray Approximation in Geometric Optics A plane wave of wavelength λ is incident on a barrier in which there is an opening of diameter d. (a) When λ«d, the rays continue in a straight-line path, and the ray approximation remains valid. (b) When λ~d, the rays spread out after passing through the opening. (c) When λ»d, the opening behaves as a point source emitting spherical waves.

16. Reflection Specular reflection

17. Reflection Diffuse reflection

18. Analysis Model: Wave Under Reflection Experiments and theory show that the angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence: This relationship is called the law of reflection.

19. Analysis Model: Wave Under Refraction

20. Refraction

21. a) Light passing from one atom to another in a medium. The spheres are electrons, and the vertical arrows represent their oscillations. b) Mechanical analog of refraction. Overhead view of a barrel rolling from concrete onto grass.

22. Index of Refraction In fact, light travels at its maximum speed in vacuum. It is convenient to define the index of refraction n of a medium to be the ratio As light travels from one medium to another, its frequency does not change but its wavelength does.

23. Indices of Refraction

24. Snell’s law of refraction

25. Huygens’s Principle In Huygens’s construction, all points on a given wave front are taken as point sources for the production of spherical secondary waves, called wavelets, which propagate outward through a medium with speeds characteristic of waves in that medium. After some time interval has passed, the new position of the wave front is the surface tangent to the wavelets. Christiaan Huygens

26. Huygens’s Principle

27. Huygens’s Principle Applied to Reflection and Refraction

28. Dispersion and Prisms dispersion angle of deviation visible spectrum

29. Dispersion and Prisms

30. Total Internal Reflection

31. Optical Fibers Total Internal Reflection Light travels in a curved transparent rod by multiple internal reflections. The construction of an optical fiber. Light travels in the core, which is surrounded by a cladding and a protective jacket.

32. Fermat’s Principle Fermat’s principle states that when a light ray travels between any two points, its path is the one that requires the smallest time interval.

33. Quick Quiz 1 1. Index of refraction 2. Snell’s Law of refraction 3. Einstein’s theory: the energy of a photon