1. 2018 Nobel Prize in Physics Presenter: Aydin Ashrafi 2018/10/06 In the name of God

2.  The Nobel Prize in Physics has been awarded 112 times to 210 Nobel Laureates between 1901 and 2018.  John Bardeen is the only Nobel Laureate who has been awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics twice, in 1956 and 1972.  This means that a total of 209 individuals have received the Nobel Prize in Physics. History 2

3. 3  The Nobel Prize in Physics is a yearly award given by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for those who have made the most outstanding contributions for mankind in the field of physics.

4.  It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 and awarded since 1901.  This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and widely regarded as the most prestigious award that a scientist can receive in physics.  It is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death. 4 History

5.  The first Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to physicist Wilhelm Röntgen in recognition of the extraordinary services he rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays (or X-rays). History 5

6.  Only three women (1.4% of laureates) have won the Nobel Prize in Physics:  Marie Curie in 1903  Maria Goeppert Mayer in 1963  Donna Strickland in 2018. History 6

7.  A maximum of three Nobel laureates and two different works may be selected for the Nobel Prize in Physics.  Compared with other Nobel Prizes, the nomination and selection process for the prize in Physics is long and rigorous. History 7

8. 8

9. 2018 Nobel Prize winners 9

10. 10

11. 11 2018 Nobel Prize winners

12.  Arthur Ashkin, 96, is the oldest person ever named a Nobel laureate in any category.  The Nobel committee said optical tweezers “created entirely new opportunities for observing and controlling the machinery of life.” 12 2018 Nobel Prize winners

13.  Ashkin, invented optical tweezers that grab particles, atoms, viruses and other living cells with their laser beam fingers.  This new tool allowed Ashkin to realise an old dream of science fiction – using the radiation pressure of light to move physical objects. 13 2018 Nobel Prize winners

14.  He succeeded in getting laser light to push small particles towards the centre of the beam and to hold them there. Optical tweezers had been invented. 14 2018 Nobel Prize winners

15.  A major breakthrough came in 1987, when Ashkin used the tweezers to capture living bacteria without harming them.  He immediately began studying biological systems and optical tweezers are now widely used to investigate the machinery of life. 15 2018 Nobel Prize winners

16.  Gérard Mourou and Donna Strickland paved the way towards the shortest and most intense laser pulses ever created by mankind. 16 2018 Nobel Prize winners

17.  Their revolutionary article was published in 1985 and was the foundation of Strickland’s doctoral thesis. 17 2018 Nobel Prize winners

18.  Using an ingenious approach, they succeeded in creating ultrashort high-intensity laser pulses without destroying the amplifying material. 18 2018 Nobel Prize winners

19. First they stretched the laser pulses in time to reduce their peak power, then amplified them, and finally compressed them. 19 2018 Nobel Prize winners

20.  If a pulse is compressed in time and becomes shorter, then more light is packed together in the same tiny space – the intensity of the pulse increases dramatically. 20 2018 Nobel Prize winners

21.  Strickland and Mourou’s newly invented technique, called chirped pulse amplification, CPA, soon became standard for subsequent high- intensity lasers. 21 2018 Nobel Prize winners

22.  Its uses include the millions of corrective eye surgeries that are conducted every year using the sharpest of laser beams. 22 2018 Nobel Prize winners

23. 23 Chirped Pulse Amplification

24. “We need to celebrate women physicists because they’re out there… I’m honored to be one of those women," 24 Donna Strickland

25. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics https://news.columbia.edu/content/arthur-ashkin-cc47- wins-nobel-prize-in-physics https://www.latestly.com/world/nobel-prize-in-physics- 2018-know-about-arthur-ashkin-gerard-mourou-and- donna-strickland-winners-of-nobel-for-inventions-in-laser- physics-415383.html www.kva.se http://nobelprize.org http://laserfest.org/lasers/pioneers/ashkin.cfm 25 References

26. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2018/press- release/ http://www.rochester.edu/newscenter/rochesters- breakthrough-in-laser-science-earns-nobel-prize-340302/ https://www.osa.org/en- us/history/gallery/images2/a/ash_kin_arthur_1/ https://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/nobel-prize-physics- canadian-donna-strickland-1.4846644 https://www.findlight.net/blog/2017/07/30/ultrafast-lasers- pulsed-fiber-lasers/ https://cen.acs.org/physical-chemistry/Innovations-in-laser- physics-win-the-2018-Nobel-Prize-in-Physics/96/web/2018/10 26 References