1. From monarchy, Revolution, to Communism
Russian Revolution
From monarchy, Revolution, to Communism

2. Romanov Family Tree
Romanov Family Tree

3. Chapter 7, Section 5: Peter Stolypin
Russia: Reform and Reaction (pg# )
Focus Question: Why did Industrialization and reform come more slowly to Russia than to Western Europe?
Vocabulary: colossus, Alexander II, Crimean war, emancipation, zemstvo, pogrom, refugees, Duma,
Peter Stolypin

4. Russian Csars (1818 to 1918) Alexander I (1777-1825) Nicolas I
( )
Alexander II
( )
Alexander III
(I )
Nicolas II
( )
Csar, Czar, Tsar, Tzar= Caesar or King

6. Geography of Russia
Area: 17,025,200 square km. Around twice the size of the U.S.
Climate: ranging from sub-arctic in Siberia to humid in much of European Russia.
Terrain: Low hills, steppe, forest, arctic tundra, mountains….the lot!
Despite its size, much of the country is either too cold or the soil is too dry for agriculture.
St. Petersburg, Russia, mid-19th Century

7. Many nationalities, eleven time zones, two continents

8. Section 7.5 Board Questions
1. What was the social structure of Russia?
2. What reforms did Alexander II make? What happened to him as a result?
3. How did Nicholas I react to his
father’s death?
4. What was the official language and
official religion under Nicholas I?
5. What was the effect of Bloody Sunday in
St. Petersburg Russia?
19th-Century Kiev

9. History/Geography of Russia
I. Russia: Early 19th-Century(1800’s)
1. From Eastern Europe to the Pacific Ocean, from the Arctic circle to Central Asia, Russia was known as a
Colossus, a country with eleven (11) time zones.
2. Russia, an absolute monarchy, (no legislative body)
had a rigid social system
under developed in comparison to Western Europe.
3. Most peasants tied to the land. Many lived & died
within 20 miles from where they were born.
4. If landowner sold land, oftentimes, peasants sold
as well.
5. No personal rights for peasants, illiterate, low-
skilled.
6. If Russian army needed soldiers, landowners had
right to pick out which peasants to be sent to army.
Peasant could not refuse. Family would have a wake
(funeral) for peasant as most of the time would never
return home.
cottage industry-making wooden spoons

10. Crimean War ( )
Countries who participated included: Great Britain, Ottoman Empire, Russia, Sardinia, France

11. Reforms Under the Csars
II. Limited Reforms Under Csars over the Centuries
1. Small attempts of reform by Catherine the Great, Peter the Great, Nicolas I, but all attempts too few & had no real impact.
revolt by Russian army officers put down by Nicolas I.
3. Russia very much a backward, agrarian society, with little
industry.
4. Russia loss in the Crimean War ( ), over attempt
to gain territory from the Ottoman Empire brought about
realization that Russia was very much, a backwards country
in comparison to Europe.
5. Alexander II, Csar, reformed the military, ordered basic &
technical education.
6. Emancipated the serfs, giving them
freedoms previously unavailable to them.
7. Allowed local government control,
or zemstvo’s.
1825 Decembrist Revolt by Russian army officers who felt Csar should modernize Russia and army
Nicolas I

12. Life of a Russian Serf

13. Political Assassination in Russia
III. The Tug of War Between Reform and Repression
1. The Csars had the Cheka (secret police), to keep the masses in line. Long prison terms, arrests, assassination by police common.
2. Socialist (Bolsheviks), began to protest against Romanov
(absolute monarchy), rule.
3. March 13, 1881, Csar Alexander II assassinated by explosion under his winter carriage.
4. As a result of assassination, reforms in Russia
curtailed.
5. One language for Russia: Russian
6. One church for Russia: Russian Orthodox Church
7. Jews, Muslims, Ukranians, Georgians, others suffered
under new rules
8. Pogroms, against Jews began under support of
Church and government. (*note- pogroms against Jews
had occurred throughout the history of Romanov rule.
9. Jews persecuted, attacked, subjecated, denied rights
10. Russian Jews began to emigrate out of Russia
Alexander II
Assassination of Alexander II by Socialists, 1881

14. Russia Begins to Modernize (Industrialize)
IV. Russia began to modernize (industrialize)
1. Alexander III and Nicolas II enacted laws allowing
for the industrialization of Russia
2. Government focused on railroads to connect
coal mines to factories.
3. Extended rail lines from western Europe
to the Pacific coast of Russia
The Orient Express

15. War with Japan and Bloody Sunday
V. War with Japan and Bloody Sunday
, the Russian Black Sea fleet sailed to the Pacific side of Russia (long journey…)
2. Ambushed by Japanese navy, Russian fleet lost.

16. Bloody Sunday VI. Bloody Sunday
1. Russian protests against government, monarchy after military loss against Japan.
2. January 22, 1905, Sunday, masses of people marched from
church to the winter palace in St. Petersburg.
3. Palace empty, people still marched, Csar NOT in town
(book is wrong, did not run away).
4. Palace guard opened fire on protestors, including priests.

17. October Manifesto VII. October Manifesto
1. Nicolas II forced to enact reforms as protests continued throughout Russia
2. Workers (soviets) were taking over cities and factories
3. October Manifesto, issued by Nicolas II, allowed for
“freedom of person, conscience, speech, assembly, and
union.”
4. Nicolas allowed for a Duma, a legislative body.
“No law would go into effect without the approval of the
Duma.”
5. Peter Stolypin appointed Prime Minister. He was
assassinated in 1911.
6. By 1914, Russia was still an autocracy
(absolute monarchy)