1. Buildings and Structures 1
Building Types and Components

2. Aim
To provide students with information that will enable them to recognise the basic types of building design and the principal components.

3. Learning Outcomes At the end of the session students will be able to:
State the most commonly used construction types
Identify types of doors, windows and roof lights commonly used
List the principal components of a staircase
List the types of roof commonly found.

4. Types of buildings Solid or ‘traditional’ construction
Structural steel frame construction
Reinforced concrete construction
Modular system construction
Liftslab construction.

5. Solid construction Solid load bearing walls Set back at upper floors
Commonly made of brick, concrete blocks or stone
Cast iron columns
Cast iron or timber beams
Warehouses, mills, factories and offices.

6. Buildings and structures.

7. Structural steel High number of design options
Skeletal framework often complex
Loads carried by beams
Structure is covered by cladding
Large use of glass, polycarbonate and plastic
Large shopping centres, sports centres and multi-storey offices.

8. Structural steel. Floor spans between main beams
Roof spans between main beams
Main beams
Tie Beam
Secondary beam
Floor spans between main beams
Stanchions

9. Reinforced concrete Alternative to steel frame
Columns support beams on which are laid slab flooring sections
Columns, beams and slabs integrally cast to form a monolithic structure
Two common methods of construction.

10. Reinforced concrete(1) Pre cast reinforced concrete frame
Factory produced frame components
Transported for assembly on site
Similar techniques to steel frame.

11. Reinforced concrete(2) Composite construction
Utilises the advantages of modern lightweight structural steelwork
‘Marriage’ between steelwork & pre cast concrete columns.

12. Composite construction
Concrete Spine beam
Steel Spine beam.
Gable columns

13. ‘PCR’ concrete frame.

14. Modular structures Pre fabricated components High design flexibility
Specially designed connectors
Encased in concrete to provide a degree of fire and corrosion protection.

15. Modular building.

16. Typical modular connector.

17. Lift slab construction
Building framework formed by columns
Hydraulic rams used to lift roof then floors into position
Height can be increased by ‘splicing’ on additional sections of column.

18. Early phase of ‘Slab’ construction.

19. 2nd Phase ‘Slab’ construction.

20. Doors, windows and rooflights
Types of door
Hinged
Swing
Revolving
Sliding
Folding
Cantilever
Roller shutter.

21. Hinged doors Most commonly found type
All close against a rebate on the door jamb
Four commonly found types
Flush
Panelled
Ledged
Metal.

22. Swing doors Pin hinges allow door to swing in any direction
Door jamb not fitted with a rebate
Often partially glazed using wired glass or copper glazing bars
Found in restaurants, department stores and hotels.

23. Revolving doors
Present an obstruction to firefighting operations unless dealt with
Usually 4 or 2 ‘wings’
Designed to be collapsed down
Essential they are used in conjunction with a hinged door.

24. Sliding doors Solid or lattice construction
Widely used in commercial buildings
Can slide on one or both sides of an opening or into a central recess
Lattice type usually for security or to protect an area such as a lift or lift shaft.

25. Folding doors Usually lightweight construction
Similar in design to hinged doors
Two or more leaves hinged together
Whole door opens to one side only
Often used to separate two rooms.

26. Cantilever doors
Door is counter balanced and pivoted so it rises upwards
Lies horizontal when open
Generally fits flush to the opening when closed
Usually found on garages.

27. Roller shutters Nearly always made of steel
Small examples can be raised by hand
Large examples usually operated by means of gearing and handle or chain and block
Usually found on commercial premises.

28. Windows Allow natural light into a building
Serve to provide ventilation to rooms
Generally two types, referred to according to the method of opening
Casement
Sash.

29. Casement windows
The simplest form consists of a rectangular frame with the casement hung on it
When more than one casement can be opened it is referred to as a 2,3 or 4 light casement.

30. VENTLIGHT
TRANSOM.
FRAME
CASEMENT
DEADLIGHT

31. Sash windows
Pivoted sash - opening part supported by pivots at each side of opening part of window or top and bottom
The term ‘SASH’ refers to the opening portion and includes the glass and the surround
Partially inside and outside of opening when open.

32. Sash windows Sliding sash windows Slide vertically
Double hung is the common form of this type of sash, both sashes slide vertically in the frame
Another type consists of two sashes, one or both of which can be opened horizontally.

34. STAIRS AND ROOFS

35. Stairs
Common materials;
Wood
Stone
Pre cast concrete
Steel
Composite.

36. Stairs
RISER
TREAD
NOSING
CAPPING
STRING
BEARER

37. HEADROOM
BANNISTER
RISE
NEWEL POST
GOING
SPANDREL
RUN
PITCH LINE

40. Confirmation Assessments will be based on this lesson and the corresponding study note
Learning Outcomes
The most commonly used construction types
The types of doors, windows and roof lights commonly used
The principal components of a staircase
The types of roof commonly found.

41. THE END