1. The Thirty Years War

2. The Thirty Years War is complex
The Thirty Years War is complex. But the main conflict was between the German states who had religious differences.

3. It was a war over Catholic-Protestant Issues

4. And it was a war between the Hapsburg empire and the various German states

5. Various countries from outside the region interfered or actively fought in the war. Millions died in this war.

6. France supported the Protestant states in order to keep Germany weak, disunited, and because they hated the Hapsburgs.

7. Sweden and Denmark fought to support the Protestant cause and to test their armies.

8. Mercenaries from all over Europe joined the different stages of the War.

9. The result was wide spread devastation and destruction—the most destructive war prior to the Napoleonic Wars.

10. The war begins with the Defenestration of Prague, a very famous story

11. The two Catholic priests were thrown out a window by Protestants.
They land in a manure pile

12. The new Holy Roman Emperor, Ferdinand, moves on Bohemia to restore order and authority. He is a devout Catholic.

13. Bohemia looks for help from the Protestant Elector Frederick V to defend their cause. Frederick will be up against the emperor, Ferdinand.

14. Frederick leaves his home in the Palatine (Rhineland) to help defend Bohemia!

15. Frederick was married to Elizabeth Stuart, daughter of James I of England.

16. Frederick will flee after his defeat by the forces of Catholic Bavaria
Frederick will flee after his defeat by the forces of Catholic Bavaria. He will be known as the Winter King for his short time in power, and his wife will be known as the Winter Queen.

17. Let’s review on the map where Catholic Bavaria is in relation to Bohemia

18. After his win in Bohemia, Ferdinand re-enforces his empire with Spanish troops. The Spaniards flood into the Protestant German States.

20. Phase 2: The Swedish Phase (1630-1635)
Catholics take over lots of Protestant areas.
The Augsburg peace is ignored
It seems as if the Reformation will be undone.

21. Enter Gustavus Adolphus. . .
Gustavus Adolphus was king of Sweden
He was busy fighting Poland
Cardinal Richelieu lures Adolphus into taking up the Protestant cause.

22. Gustavus is busy
Fighting the Poles, but
Richelieu persuades him
To take up the Protestant
Cause. He does.
Richelieu sends money to Sweden

23. Hence, Richelieu of Catholic France aids Protestants against the Catholic Holy Roman Empire

24. Gustavus Adolphus leaves his fighting in Poland and now takes the Leadership against the Catholics

25. Under his leadership, Sweden wins victories.
Sadly, Adolphus is killed at the battle of Lutzen in 1632.

26. The Swedish French Phase, 1635-1648
This time, Richelieu comes out clearly on the side of the Protestants and supports the Swedes.
Frances joins the Protestant cause.

27. When France joins, the Spanish retaliate
When France joins, the Spanish retaliate! They sweep down from the Spanish Netherlands and attack France!

28. When the Spanish attack, France moves toward Spain
When the Spanish attack, France moves toward Spain! French troops move into Catalonia spreading devastation.
Spanish Troops attack from France from the Spanish Netherlands
France retaliates by attacking Catalonia, Spain

29. The Peace of Westphalia
1648 – Germany was devastated!
Important consequences:
Weakened Hapsburg states of Spain and Austria
Strengthened France
Began peaceful negotiation process
Started modern European nations

31. The Holy Roman Empire dissolves

32. States of Germany now have stronger individual rights: Germany remains weak and divided.

33. Germany was physically devastated

34. Between 3-7 million died in the Thirty Years War

35. England, the Netherlands, and France will take the lead in European trade, culture and politics

36. Germany’s separate states will hinder trade and progress for many years. It will not fully unite until 1871.

37. States form in Central Europe
Austria
Maria Theresa inherits throne
Daughter of Charles VI (Hapsburg)
Prussia
Led by Frederick the Great (aka Frederick II)
Very aggressive like his father
Enemies of Austria

38. War of Austrian Succession
Prussia invades Silesia(Austria)
Frederick II wanted to test Maria Theresa’s power and ability to rule. (He really didn’t like her at all.)
Prussia/France vs. Austria/Great Britian/Hungary
Prussia gains Silesia

39. Seven Year’s War Prussia invades Saxony(Austria)
Prussia/France vs. Austria/Great Britain/Russia
Britain was the main victor(gained India and French colonies)
What is this war called in North America?