1. Final Exam Review 1 1

2. Introduction The exam is not comprehensive, that can change.
Equations are given, check:
greater weight will be given to exact solutions.
Questions mainly of the types: True or False, analytical problems, illustrate, what is? …
Expect questions about the GPS demo.
This lecture is to review the second part topics only. 2 2

3. Horizontal Curves Horizontal: types, definitions, and uses
Curve relations
Station Equation
Laying out by deflection formula, check the project
Sight distance on a horizontal Curve

4. Vertical Curves Design Criteria
Equation of the parabolic shape in surveying terms, why parabolic?
Computations using the tangent offset equation
High or low points on a curve
Designing a curve to pass by a point
Sight distance sag and crest?
Safe length of the curve

5. Coordinate Systems Relationship between geodetic and SPCS
Relationship between geodetic and grid azimuth
review USRS, Geodetic and SPCS basics
Surveys extending from one zone to another 3 3

6. Surveys of the Public Lands
PLSS: why ? where? accuracy considerations
System divisions: quadrangles, townships, sections, quarter sections, what are the corners?
System construction: Initial point, Principal Meridian, Base Line, Standard Parallels, Guide Meridians, Closing Corners, Standard corners, range and township lines.
In addition to understanding the system, you are expected to know how to draw sketches, compute distances, and decide which lines bound what division “ PM, GM, B.L, S.P bound quadrangle”, and so on. 4 4

7. Boundary Surveys Why ? Different methods:
Metes and bounds: must mention certain info: point of beginning, definite corners, lengths and directions, neighbors, areas
Block and Lot: lot numbers, map books.
Description by coordinates. 5 5

8. Construction Surveys
Stages: design, construction, and after construction.
Equipment: lasers, levels, total stations, GPS.
Control: before and during construction.
Staking out buildings, batter boards locations ?
Checking plumbness
Using a total station in construction surveys: first orient it, then use it to stakeout 6 6

9. GPS
How to find the position of the receiver, what distances being measured.
Satellite constellation and ephemeris (broadcast and precise)
Signals: two carrier waves, two PRN codes, why? and additional data
What are: C/A, AS, SA, cycle ambiguity?
demo 7 7

10. Try to remember what we did in the field
Position determination:
Pseudoranging: using codes.
By carrier wave measurement
Field procedures: Static, rapid static, kinematic,
pseudokinematic, real time kinematic
Errors: ephemeris, atmospheric effect, receiver
errors, multipath, centering, and elevation.
Coordinate system considerations: satellite to USRS, to
geodetic, then to whatever system
Planning a GPS project: how to read the tables and polar
maps
Try to remember what we did in the field 8 8

11. Theory of Measurements and Errors
Types of errors and how they behave. How to adjust them.
Precision and accuracy
Errors and probability distribution.
standard deviation as a measure of precision
Error propagation: the law and how to apply it. Review how to derive basic functions. The law of error propagation will be given. 9 9

12. Photogrammetry Review camera components.
Geometry of vertical photos: image coordinate system, PP, exposure station.
side and end lap, strips and blocks.
Scale: at a point, photo average scale, from a map.
Ground coordinates: special system, just multiply photo coordinates by the scale.
Relief displacement, how to use it to compute object heights
Stereoscopic Parallax: what is it, why is it important, how parallax equations could be used.
Stereoscopic viewing: theory and conditions for stereo viewing. How did you see stereo in the demo?
Plotters, orthophotos, and ground control: read them. 10 10

13. Remote Sensing
The electromagnetic spectrum, why can we see in sun light and not on earth’s emitted energy?
Spectral reflectance: how to use to distinguish different objects. what is spectral signature?
Why do we see trees green, …
main earth resource satellites: Spot and LandSat, spectral VS spatial resolution 11 11

14. GIS What is a GIS? Layers concept Spatial and non spatial data
Analytical functions: buffering, adjacency and connectivity, overlay,..
Difference between GIS and LIS? 12 12