1. World War I and the Russian Revolution (1914–1924)
Topic 10 Lesson 3 World War I Ends

2. World War I and the Russian Revolution (1914–1924)
Topic 10 Lesson 3 World War I Ends
Learning Objectives
Describe how World War I became a total war.
Explain how U.S. entry into the war led to an Allied victory.
List the effects of World War I in terms of financial costs, high casualty rates, and political impact.
Describe the issues at the Paris Peace Conference and the impact of Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
Summarize the terms and impact of the Treaty of Versailles.

3. World War I and the Russian Revolution (1914–1924)
Topic 10 Lesson 3 World War I Ends
Key Terms
self-determination,
armistice,
pandemic
reparations,
radicals,
collective security,
mandates,
total war.
conscription,
contraband,
Lusitania
Propaganda
atrocities,
Fourteen Points,

4. Governments Direct Total War
Recruiting and Supplying Huge Armies
All governments involved in the war instituted a draft
Govt. raised taxes, borrowed, rationed, set prices, no strikes
Blockades and Submarines Impact Economies
Britain blockades Germany, leading to the turnip winter of 1916,1917. Germany does the same with U-boats leading to ships being sunk and the US threatening action against Germany
The Propaganda War
Both sides will say bad things about the other side, motivate military mobilization, and get citizens to loan money
Women Contribute to the War Effort
Women take over jobs in factories, join the armed forces, as nurses on the war front
Women will be proud and confident of their work and this will lead to women getting the right to vote.

5. Governments Direct Total War
By 1917, European societies were cracking under the strain of war. Casualties on the fronts and shortages at home sapped morale. The stalemate dragged on, seemingly without end. Soon, however, the departure of one country from the war and the entry of another would tip the balance and end the stalemate.

6. Governments Direct Total War
When Britain declared war against Germany in August 1914, men rushed to sign up for military service. Here, crowds of hopeful enlistees wait outside a recruiting station in London.

7. War-Weary Civilians and Soldiers
Morale Breaks Down
War-Weary Civilians and Soldiers
Long casualty lists, food shortages, and losses made people call for peace.
Some French units mutinied, Italian soldiers deserted after Caporetto, and Russian troops left to go fight at home
Revolution in Russia
3 years of losses will hit the Russians hard
March 1917 bread riots in St. Petersburg leads to the overthrow of the czar government
Lenin will take over and pull Russia out of the war in 1918
Germany will be able to pull their troops to fight on the Western Front but now have a new enemy to fight. The United States of America

8. Morale Breaks Down
Despite inspiring propaganda, by 1917 the morale of troops and civilians had plunged. Germany was sending 15-year-old recruits to the front, and Britain was on the brink of bankruptcy.

9. Morale Breaks Down
Soldiers ate, slept, fought and died in the trenches. As the war dragged on and casualties mounted, morale was severely tested.

10. The United States Enters the War
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
Feb 1917 Germany declares it will resume unrestricted submarine warfare. Wilson will denounce Germany
Anti-German Sentiment Grows
Early 1917 Britain will intercept a message from Germany to Mexico saying that if the US declares war on Germany then Germany will help Mexico recover New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona
Wilson Asks for a “War to End War”
April 1917 Wilson asks Congress to declare war. It will take until 2018 but 2 million troops will land on the Western Front
This will increase morale as will the financial aid from the US
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Issued in 1918 Wilson has a list that will resolve this war and future wars. He calls for freedom of the seas, free trade, reduction of arms, end to secret treaties, allowing countries to choose their own government and a League of Nations to keep the peace

11. The United States Enters the War
Soon after the Russian Revolution began, another event altered the balance of forces. The United States declared war on Germany. Many factors contributed to the decision of the United States to exchange neutrality for war in 1917.

12. The United States Enters the War
Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare in Here, President Wilson reads a German message and ponders what to do. Analyze Political Cartoons What does the overflowing waste basket suggest?

13. The United States Enters the War
Analyze Information Which of Wilson’s Fourteen Points deal with countries having free access to international commerce? Why did Wilson consider this so important?

14. The Great War Ends
Final Offensives
March 1918 Germany pushes forward 40 miles with the armies returning from Russia
American troops start to filter in and the allies push Germany back through France and Belgium
September 1918 German generals tell William the war is lost
Germany Asks for Peace
Kaiser William II will step down and goes to the Netherlands
Austria Hungary is also collapsing as nationalities revolt
Nov 11, 1918 Germany signs an armistice ending the war
The Human Toll
8.5 million men die in battle, twice as many are wounded and many are disabled for life. There are also 6 million civilian casualties
There is a pandemic of influenza in million people are killed worldwide

15. The Great War Ends
The Economic Toll
The Allies will demand that the losers pay reparations for the war damage. The Central Powers will look for a scapegoat to blame
The Political Toll
Governments will collapse in Germany, Russia, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire
Radicals will try to make extreme changes to govt
Colonial troops will return home with a more cynical view of Europe and with hopes for Independence

16. The Great War Ends
A final showdown on the Western Front began in early The Germans badly wanted to achieve a major victory before eager American troops arrived in Europe.

17. The Great War Ends
A London crowd celebrates the end of the Great War. Similar scenes occurred in the United States and other Allied countries.

18. The Great War Ends
World War I ended in 1918, but its human and economic costs would be felt for decades. Many nations had thrown all their resources into the fight, and their losses were staggering.

19. Allies Have Conflicting Goals
Making the Peace
Allies Have Conflicting Goals
Woodrow Wilson (USA) wanted to reform and have democracy and self determination (choose their own govt)
David George (UK) wanted to make Britain fit for heroes which will cost money
Georges Clemenceau (FRA) wants to weaken Germany so it could never attack France again
Obstacles to Settlement
Secret treaties posed a problem
Self determination posed another
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany is blamed for the war and has to pay reparations (400 B)
They lose territory, German citizens not living in Germany but in Europe or colonies had to come back to Germany
Germans will resent this treaty

20. Making the Peace
Just weeks after the war ended, President Wilson boarded a steamship bound for France. He had decided to go in person to Paris, where Allied leaders would make the peace. Wilson was certain that he could bring a “just peace” to the world. “Tell me what is right,” Wilson urged his advisors, “and I’ll fight for it.”

21. Making the Peace
Delegates gathered in Paris in 1919 to discuss peace terms. The treaty between the Allies and Germany was signed in June in the Hall of Mirrors, shown here, at the palace of Versailles.

22. Effects of the Peace Settlements
New Nations in Europe
Poland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary, Yugoslavia are created and newly formed. However they are very poor, agricultural countries
The Mandate System
Territories that used to be controlled by Germany now were controlled by the victors
The theory was that once these colonies were strong enough to stand on their own they would be independent. The truth is they became colonies for the victors
Widespread Discontent
Italy upset that it didn’t get what it was promised, Japan upset that the West did not give it all that it wanted, Russia upset about Poland and the three Baltic states that were once part of Russia

23. Effects of the Peace Settlements
The League of Nations
40 Nations join the League
The purpose was to discuss instead of going to war
Wilson wants the US to join but he faces resistance from the senate
Henry Cabot Lodge, a Republican senator, wanted to restrict the treaty so the USA would not be dragged into other European conflicts
Wilson will not accept any compromises so the Senate will not ratify the treaty and will not join the League

24. Effects of the Peace Settlements
The Allies drew up separate treaties with the other Central Powers. These treaties redrew the map of Eastern Europe and affected colonial peoples around the globe. Like the Treaty of Versailles, these treaties left widespread dissatisfaction.

25. Effects of the Peace Settlements
Analyze Maps Based on this map and the text, why were many Germans unhappy with the territorial changes that occurred after World War I?

26. Effects of the Peace Settlements
Delegates attend the first meeting of the League of Nations on December 4, 1920, in the Hall of Reformation in Geneva, Switzerland.

27. Quiz: Governments Direct Total War
Which of the following examples is a characteristic of total war?
A. The press is censored to control public opinion.
B. A stalemate bogs down the war for an extended time.
C. Factories scale back on production to save energy for the war effort.
D. Governments loosen economic controls.

28. Quiz: Morale Breaks Down
What is the meaning of Siegfried Sassoon’s poem in this reading?
A. It’s important for the citizens at home to support the troops as they leave for battle.
B. Cheering is one way that people can help boost troop morale.
C. It’s easy to cheer for young troops and not think of the horrors they will face .
D. A good soldier understands that war is the time to put his youth behind him.

29. Quiz: The United States Enters the War
Which of the following is a key goal of Wilson’s Fourteen Points?
A. establishing spheres of influence
B. supporting free trade
C. maintaining isolation
D. honoring secret treaties

30. Quiz: The Great War Ends
Why did Germany ask the Allies for an armistice in November 1918?
A. Germany was exhausted and could not hold out against fresh troops from the United States.
B. Germany wanted to direct all of its resources on the Eastern front against Russia.
C. The Allies had assured Germany that a peace settlement would favor Germany.
D. Germany agreed to an armistice only until war could be resumed.

31. Quiz: Making the Peace
How did the Treaty of Versailles create a climate that might cause another war in Europe?
A. The Central Powers and Russia were secretly planning to disrupt the peace talks.
B. Germany was forced to accept harsh treaty terms and might use force to undo the treaty or seek revenge.
C. The Allies held Russia in contempt for negotiating its own peace with Germany and might seek war to punish Russia.
D. France was dissatisfied with the terms of the treaty and might go to war against the Central Powers to win better terms.

32. Quiz: Effects of the Peace Settlements
Which of the following was a violation of Wilson’s Fourteen Points?
A. formation of the League of Nations
B. establishment of the mandate system
C. creation of Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia
D. end of European imperialism