1. Nutrition and Feeder Types
SBI3U

2. Obtaining and Processing Food
All organisms, regardless of their size or complexity, must have a way of obtaining essential nutrients
Essential nutrients: the basic raw materials they need to make their own structures, perform their life functions, and obtain energy for survival

3. Macromolecules
Organic molecules contain carbon bonded to hydrogen, as well as to other atoms, such as oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen.
Macromolecules are larger, more complex assemblies of organic molecules, also known as nutrients.
These are the raw materials that our bodies need to provide energy, to regulate cellular activities, and to build and repair tissues.

4. Often grouped into four major categories:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids

5. Macromolecules
Energy released from these macromolecules, and matter supplied by them, is used to maintain the body’s metabolism (all of the chemical processes carried out by cells to maintain life)
Together, the four major categories of macromolecules are known as essential nutrients.

6. Carbohydrates
Are macromolecules that always contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Almost always in the same proportion: 2H : 1O : 1C.
Provide short-term or long-term energy storage for organisms.
There are two main types of carbohydrates: simple sugars and polysaccharides.

7. Monosaccharides (Simple Sugars)
Carbohydrate molecules with three to seven carbon atoms.
Examples: glucose (the sugar found in blood) and fructose (the sugar found in fruit).
Disaccharides
Made up of two simple sugars (di- = two).
Examples: sucrose (table sugar), and lactose (the sugar found in dairy products).
Polysaccharides
Complex carbohydrates that consist of many linked simple sugars (poly- = many).
Examples: Starch stores energy in plants, and glycogen stores energy in animals.

8. Carbohydrates

9. Lipids Are insoluble in water.
The basic structure of lipids is a molecule of glycerol
3 carbon atoms, each attached to a fatty acid chain
Store 2.25 times more energy per gram than other biological molecules; function as energy-storage molecules.

10. Lipids Phospholipids, form cell membranes.
Examples of lipids are fats, such as butter and lard, and oils, such as olive oil and safflower oil.

11. Proteins Assembled from small sub-units known as amino acids
Polypeptides are chains for hundreds of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds
Most enzymes are proteins, and so are antibodies, which combat disease.
Proteins help build and repair muscles and cell membranes

12. Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids direct growth and development of all organisms using a chemical code.
The two types of nucleic acids are ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

13. Hydrolysis A water molecule (H2O) is added to the macromolecule.
This breaks the chemical bonds that hold together the smaller molecules from which the macromolecule is made.
Digestive enzymes help to speed up the process of hydrolysis.

14. Minerals and Vitamins
Inorganic and organic substances that enable chemical reactions to occur and aid in tissue development, growth, and immunity.
Needed by a healthy, functional human body.

15. Minerals Mineral Key function in the body Possible Sources Calcium
Forming bone, conducting nerve signals, contracting muscle, clotting blood
Dairy products
Iron
Producing hemoglobin
Red meat
Magnesium
Supporting enzyme functions, producing protein
Dark, leafy greens
Potassium
Conducting nerve signals, contracting muscle
Grains
Sodium
Conducting nerve signals, balancing body fluids
Salt

16. Vitamins Vitamin Key function in the body Possible Sources
A (carotene)
Good vision, healthy skin and bones
Fruits
B1 (thiamine)
Metabolizing carbohydrates, growth and muscle tone
Beans
C (ascorbic acid)
Boosting immune system, healthy bones, teeth, gums, and blood vessels
Fruit D
Absorbing calcium, forming bone
Fish E
Strengthening red blood cell membranes

17. Water
Needed for the proper functioning of all cells and organs. Makes up 2/3 of body mass.
Functions include:
Transporting dissolved nutrients into the cells that line the small intestine
Flushing toxins from cells
Lubricating tissues and joints
Forming essential body fluids, such as blood and mucus
Regulating body temperature (by sweating)
Eliminating waste materials (in urine and sweat)

18. Learning Check
Pg 406, Q 1-6

19. Types of Digestion Intracellular digestion: Extracellular digestion:
Digestion inside the cell
Phagocytosis - cell engulfs the food
Ex: single-celled organisms (paramecium, amoeba)‏
Extracellular digestion:
Digestion outside the cells
Food enters a tube and exits from the other end
Ex: most animals, human digestive tract

20. Mechanical Digestion
The physical breakdown of large food particles into smaller ones.
Achieved through chewing, mashing, chopping, breaking food into smaller pieces.
This increases the surface area of the food, allowing more enzymes to come into contact with the food.

21. Chemical Digestion
The chemical breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones:
Carbohydrates: polysaccharides (starch) are broken into monosaccharides (simple sugars)‏
Proteins: are broken down into amino acids
Lipids: (mainly triglycerides) are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol
Note: Food particles are broken down by enzymes. Each enzyme has a pH at which it performs best.

22. Types of Feeders Autotrophs:
Can feed themselves from inorganic molecules
Ex: plants use sun + H2O + CO2 to form organic compounds
Self-sufficient
Heterotrophs:
Depend on organic compounds made by other living things
Ex: animals, fungi, bacteria, etc.
Not self-sufficient

23. Filter Feeders
Aquatic animals that use a body structure similar to a filter basket to gather small organisms suspended in the water.
Siphons water into its mouth and then filters it to obtain small organisms to digest.
Examples include flamingoes, tube worms, clams, barnacles, and baleen whales.

24. Fluid Feeders
Obtain food by sucking or licking nutrient-rich fluids from live plants or animals.
Mouth parts are adapted to pierce or rip skin or leaf tissue and are used to suck or lick the blood or sap that is their food.
Examples: mosquitoes, ticks, aphids, spiders, bees, butterflies, vampire bats, and hummingbirds.

25. Substrate Feeders
Live in or on their food source and eat their way through it.
Examples: caterpillars and earthworms.
Caterpillars eat their way through the green tissues of leaves.

26. Bulk Feeders
Include many animals and most vertebrates (including humans).
Bulk feeders ingest fairly large pieces of food and some, like the great blue heron, swallow their food whole.
Use tentacles, pincers, claws, fangs, or jaws and teeth to kill prey, to tear off pieces of meat or vegetation, or to take in mouthfuls of animal or plant food.