1. Rococo- barroco ( Portuguese- irregularly shaped pearl ) and rocaille-shell-French artificial shell for a garden)
Shift of power from royalty to the aristocrats-
French Academy dictates good taste in all things- copied by other countries (no WOMEN ALLOWED)
Rococo architecture unites all the arts into a coherent experience
Quintessential Rococo- Fete Galante’– leisurely pursuits of the aristocracy; the GRAND TOUR and the SALONs
Strong school of satirical painting
European conquest of the world- Spain, France, England, Holland- all colonial powers- cost of maintenance vs gain
Settlers built Baroque and Rococo palaces- Power of France diminishes after death of Louis XIV. Focus in France on the upper class, not the royalty. New World that looks like the Old World
Patronage- Academy- taught- perspective, anatomy, realism

2. Court at Versailles begins to diminish in importance after Louis XIV death- paintings done more for the fashionable town house owners than the kings..
Discovery of Pompeii lead art historians like Johann Wincklemann to write The First Art History Book.
Renewed interest in the classics caused Academies to spring up everywhere and to a revival of the Classics.
Rococo Architecture
NO STRAIGHT LINES IN ARCHITECTURE------
Elegance and grace, pliable surfaces, undulating forms, uniting
architecture and
Painting and sculpture
No stained class- clear light to see the ceilings
Sculpture everywhere even in the paintings
Figures overhang the architecture and sculptural areas
MORE IS MORE

3. Rococo Painting No STRAIGHT LINES No STRAIGHT FRAMES- all curvilinear
Spilled images coming out over the frames
Erotic, sensual in a TEASING MANNER
Rubenistes over Poussinistes
Slender forms, backs, shimmering clothes, bucolic settings
Location- gardens, copses, glens
ARCADIAN paintings
Pastel colors, spontaneous brushstrokes, backs of people with
Light and bucolic settings.
Work for Private Display- aristocrats
More domestic than Baroque-private
Fete galante- listen to music, taking a walk

4. Jean-Honore Fragonard, The Swing, 1766; figures small, garden large, atmospheric perspective, patron at left looking up skirt, kicking shoe at cupid, pastels, atmospheric perspective, bishop behind her swinging,
Patron at the lower left in hiding– took over Boucher’s place as an interior painter; little statuary evident all over, kicked slipper.

5. Artist: Jean-Antoine Watteau--- fete galante’
Title: Pilgrimage to The Island of Cythera
Medium: Oil on canvas
Size: 4'3" X 6'4½" (1.3 X 1.9 m)
Submitted to the Academy, asymmetry, Arcadian elements, gilded boats carried by cupids, Fete Galante, inspired by a play- 1700, Rubens, Veronese, Titian influences

6. 1790 self portrait ; Marie-Louise-Élisabeth Vigée-Lebrun; Maire Antoinette’s fav painter, elected to the French Academy, not allowed to attend or be painted with group, represented at meetings by one of her paintings, She looks at the viewer ( Marie Antoinette) as she paints her from memory. Light touch, pastels, portraits of Rubens are inspiration.
( paints from memory- after the Revolution and the be-heading of Marie Antoinette)

7. Artist: Marie-Louise-Élisabeth Vigée-Lebrun
Title: Portrait of Marie Antoinette with Her Children
Medium: Oil on canvas
Size: 9'½" X 7'⅝" (2.75 X 2.15 m)
Date: 1787 ( beheaded 1793)
Source/ Museum: Musée National du Château de Versailles

8. 18th century English Painting
Jonathan Swift- Dead Baby Essay- satire as a result of the Industrial Rev.
Voltaire and Candid
Hogarth is the forerunner of the political cartoon
Demonstrated the abuses of the upper class
These works were plain people shown in the most elegant of circumstances- The GRAND MANNER
Hogarth is a Series of satirical works made into prints.

9. Artist: William Hogarth
Title: The Tete a Tete , from Marriage ala Mode
Medium: Oil on canvas
Size: 27½ X 35¾" (69.9 X 90.8 cm)
Date: 1743–45
Source/ Museum: From Marriage à la Mode / The National Gallery London Reproduced by Courtesy of the Trustees-
One of six in a series, after marriage what happens they each pursues their own life- broken sword, the cap in the pocket, the cards, the steward with bills to be paid, turned over chair shows the violin player who left hastily.

10. Joseph Wright, The Philosopher Giving a Lecture on the Orrery Oil on canvas Derbey Museum and Art Gallery, Derby UK
Faces of 2 boys, girl watching, student taking notes, watching and observing. Lunar Society ( Darwin’s grandfather was in this society) , met once a month to talk and conduct experiments. Orrery is an early planetarium, imitating the motion of the solar system. Lamp in the center is the sun. Middle class watching and in attendance. Woman on the left is watching and curious. Philosopher is based on portrait of Isaac Newton. Each face in the painting is a different phase of the moon.

12. Artist: Joseph Wright– Age of Enlightenment- Part of the Neo-Classical
Title: An Experiment on a Bird in the Air-Pump
Medium: Oil on canvas
Size: 6 X 8' (1.82 X 2.43 m)
Date: 1768
Source/ Museum: The National Gallery, London
Carravaggio-esque

13. Rosalba Carriera- pastel portraits

14. NeoClassicism–
Took the place of Rococo and rejected royalty and the aristocracy
Inspired by the un-earthing of Pompeii and Herculaneum
Johann Winklemann’s Book on Art History
Current Events and Portraits using Classical Allusions
Industrial Revolution encouraged the use of cast iron in architecture
As a base and behind the wood and marble.
Also encouraged the use of bronze- but marble stayed the “classical” look
Industrial Revolution brought out materials and science and technology but
Mechanized life and made life difficult for the workers
Intellectual transformations in philosophy and science in LOGIC AND OBSERVATOIN
Denis Diderot- 52 Volume Encyclopedia in France
Samuel Johnson Dictionary in England 1755
Jean-Jacque Rousseau- Social Contract- the will of the people in Government- 1762
Declaration of Independence in Jefferson

15. Rome was the respected past and artists came to look and emulate with a modern touch
Rococo was decadent- Winklemann said that Rome was PURE!
Artists were trained traditionally and took the Grand Tour of Italy
Submitted work to the Academy for the Salons- the Academy would select a few for excellence- that meant the price of your work would go up
and more would want your pieces
Accepted for public viewing- in this order
History
Mythology
Religion
Portraits
Landscape
Genre
Still life
ARCHITECTURE INNOVATION:
Cast iron- hidden and used structurally
CLEVER USE OF CLASSICAL principles tailored to 18th century living
Palladio and Jones
Symmetry balance order and composition
Themes in each room – colors or history ( White House)

16. Palladio: Villa RotundaAndrea Palladio with modifications by Vicenzo Scamozzi, Villa Rotonda (formerly Villa Capra), near Vicenza, Italy, s (photo: Stefan Bauer CC BY-SA 2.5)
Wrote the Four Books on Architecture that were in the library of TJ

17. The house, which Jefferson himself designed, was based on the Neoclassical principles described in the books of the Italian Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio. It is situated on the summit of an 850-foot (260 m)-high peak in the Southwest Mountains south of the Rivanna Gap. Its name comes from the Italian "little mountain.“
Brick with stucco to look marble-like
Tall doors and windows for summer heat- balustrade hides the 2nd floor. Obsessed over the space and put beds in the walls. Brick with stucco for marble effect. Inspired by Palladio and Pompeii. Octagonal dome, symmetricity.

18. Monticello- Thomas Jefferson- Neo-Classical in America

20. NeoClassical Sculpture –
Bronze was cheap and used before the Industrial Revolution.
Mass production of metal-Cause the price to fall and the price of marble to rise. Because of Winklemann and the discovery of Pompeii artists though that the RIGHT material to use was Marble.
They thoughts that the Romans preferred white marble and uncolored marble and tht The Romans had sculpture standing with a contrapposto and something to hold them
up.
Pantheon statures were discovered and the Elgin Marbles came to Britain.
Houdon saw this style as carrying on the work of the ancient traditions.

21. Artist: Jean-Antoine Houdon George Washington, 1788-1792
Title: George Washington
Medium: Marble
Size: height 6'2" (1.9 m)
Date: 1788–92
Source/ Museum: State Capitol, Richmond, Virginia
Dressed as a 18th century gentleman with epaulettes on shoulders and the sword. Naturalistic details- missing button and round tummy. Scene as a man of vision ( Greece!) Badge of Cincinatus on his belt ( the Roman farmer who was a soldier), plow behind
GW, leans on a Roman facses( bundle of rods bound together- 13 rods)

22. Neo- Classical Painting
Accepted for public viewing- in this order
History
Mythology
Religion
Portraits
Landscape
Genre
Still life
Stories of antiquity spoke to the 18th Century. Exemplum Virtutis helped to elevate these works. Symmetrical, linear perspective, invisible brushstrokes and layers.

23. Artist: Jacques-Louis David
Title: Oath of the Horatii - approved by the Academy- Carravaggio
Medium: Oil on canvas
Size: 10'8¼" X 14' (3.26 X 4.27 m)
Date: 1784–85
Source/ Museum: Musée du Louvre, Paris
The Horatii brothers do battle with the Curiatii brothers to win the war and stop the carnage. Exemplum virtutis
Women are sister to Curiatii and one is engaged to another one- David calling for a real revolution? One of the wives in the painting is a daughter of the Curatii and the other, Camilla, is engaged to one of the Curatii brothers. At the end of the legend the sole surviving Horatii brother kills Camilla, who condemned his murder of her beloved, accusing Camilla of putting her sentiment above her duty to Rome.

24. David- Marat

25. Artist: Angelica Kauffmann- Exemplum Virtutis
Title: Cornelia Pointing to her Children as her Treasures , Virginia Museum– Exemplum Virtutis( for the greater good)
Medium: Oil on canvas
Size: 40 X 50" (101.6 X 127 cm)
Date: c. 1785
Source/ Museum: Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, Richmond, Virginia. The Adolph D. and Wilkins C. Williams Fund

26. John Singleton Copely
Watson and the Shark
John Singleton Copley, Watson and the Shark, 1778.
National Gallery of Art, Ferdinand Lammot Belin Fund 1963.
John Singleton Copley's Watson and the Shark was inspired by an event that took place in Havana, Cuba, in Fourteen-year-old Brook Watson, an orphan serving as a crew member on a trading ship, was attacked by a shark while swimming alone in the harbor. His shipmates, who had been waiting on board to escort their captain ashore, launched a valiant rescue effort. Brook had already lost his right foot. Painting made him famous. He was a self- taught artist, born in Boston.