1. 1st Macromolecule: Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are molecules made of one or more simple sugars subunits.
A sugar contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
It’s abbreviated CHO
in a ratio of 1:2:1.
It’s formula is C6H12O6
Glucose is a common sugar found everywhere in nature.

2. Carbohydrates: Structure
Glucose is a monosaccharide, or “single sugar.”
So is fructose, dextrose, & ribose
Two sugars can be linked to make a disaccharide.
Sucrose, & lactose
Many monosaccharide subunits can be linked to make a polysaccharide (= “many sugars”)
Starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin
Monosaccharides and disaccharides are considered simple carbohydrates or simple sugars.
Polysaccharides are considered complex carbohydrates.

3. Carbohydrates: Functions
Cells use carbohydrates for sources of energy, structural materials, and cellular identification.
Carbohydrates are a major source of energy for many organisms, including humans.
It is used specifically to make ATP.
Used to make
ATP
Sugar

4. Simple Carbs

5. Lipids
Lipids are another class of biomolecules, which includes fats, phospholipids, steroids, and waxes.
The main purpose of fats is to store energy and can actually do so more efficiently than carbohydrates.
Lipids consist of chains of carbon atoms bonded to each other and to hydrogen atoms. This structure makes lipids non-polar so they repel water.
Is water polar or non-polar?
Lipids separate from water and don’t dissolve in it.
Lipids will dissolve in other lipids, however.
This gives the term “fat soluble”

6. Lipids: Functions Lipids are non-polar & they can help control water.
It’s the main component of body fat but the cell’s outer membrane is made of phospholipids.
The structure of cell membranes depends on how phospholipids interact with water.
Waxes, found on the surfaces of plants and aquatic bird feathers, “waterproof” to help prevent evaporation of water from the cells of the organism.

7. Li-pids in the Membrane
Phospholipids
Phosphate head
Fatty acid tail
Cholesterol
Glycolipids

8. Phospholipids
The only reason why cells can form is because of the properties of phospholipids.
THEY ARE EXTREMELY IMPORTANT.
Hydrophilic heads “love” water and always point to it.
Hydrophobic tails “hate” water and always point away from it.

9. Fatty acids Fat subunits are fatty acids, and are often called as such
Trans (cis) “transfat”
Saturated
No bends or double carbon bonds
Unsaturated.
Contains one or more c=c bonds
Saturated fats are dangerous because of how close they can stack together in your blood vessels.
Because of the carbon-hydrogen bonds, lipids are also called hydrocarbons.
These are used for energy and lubrication.
Gasoline and oil are hydrocarbons.

11. What you should know so far
Structure and function of carbohydrates
Structure and function of lipids
Monomer versus polymer
Monomer of carbohydrates
Monomer of lipids

12. Lipids in Food

13. Quick TALK
1. How would you describe the structural difference between carbohydrates and fats?
What are the two main functions of lipids?
Why are saturated fats more dangerous than unsaturated fats? Relate this to the structure of the molecule.

14. Proteins Proteins are chains of amino acids subunits.
The amino acids twist and fold into certain shapes that determine what the proteins do.
There are thousands of proteins that perform many types of functions.
Structure
Support
Movement
Communication
Transportation
And carrying out chemical reactions

15. Amino Acids
Amino acids are the subunits, the building blocks, of proteins.
20 different ones are bonded together in millions of ways to create the millions of proteins that exist.

16. Amino Acids Carboxyl group Amino group R group
Amino acids have three distinct areas.
The amino group
The carboxyl group
The R group, which 20 different options
Carboxyl group
Amino group
R group

17. Proteins,
A protein is a molecule made up of long chains of amino acids held together by peptide bonds.
Proteins are called polypeptides.
Poly = many
Peptide = amino acid subunits.

18. Proteins in Food

19. Nucleic Acids: Function & Subunits
Nucleic acids are the molecules that contain the hereditary information (directions for making traits) found in only living organisms.
A nucleic acid is a long chain of nucleotide subunits.
A nucleotide is a molecule made up of three parts: a sugar, a base, and a phosphate group.
Nucleotides of deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, contain the sugar deoxyribose.
Nucleotides of ribonucleic acid, or RNA, contain the sugar ribose.

20. DNA vs RNA Structure DeoxyriboNucleic Acid = DNA
Has two oxygen molecules on the sugar
RiboNucleic Acid = RNA
Is missing one of the oxygen atom
Deoxyribonucleotide
Ribonucleotide

21. Nucleic Acids, continued
Hereditary Information
DNA molecules act as “instructions” for the processes of an organism’s life.
DNA consists of two strands of nucleotides that spiral around each other.
Similar to a spiral staircase.
DNA strands are held together by hydrogen bonds.
RNA also interacts with DNA to help decode the information.
Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary information.

22. Nucleic Acids, ATP Energy Carriers
Some single nucleotides have other important roles.
Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, is the energy currency of cells.
It’s is a nucleotide that has three phosphate groups.
Energy is released in the hydrolysis reaction that breaks off the third phosphate group.
Other single nucleotides transfer electrons or hydrogen atoms for other life processes.

23. What structure is this?
Water

24. Is water polar or non-polar?
How do you know?
If you split it in half the electrons are not shared equally.
Why is this important?
It allows water to interact with other polar substances, including itself.
Partially +
Partially -

25. Is carbon dioxide polar or non-polar?
How do you know?
If you split it in half the electrons are shared equally.
Why is this important?
This won’t interact with water or other polar molecules the same.

26. What type of bond is illustrated between 2 water molecules?
Hydrogen Bonds
Why are these important?
They allow all other properties of water to exist.

27. What are the 4 macromolecules?
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids

28. What is this macromolecule?
Sugar or carbohydrates.
Name 2 functions of carbohydrates
Energy, structures (like shells and plant stalks), identification.
Where is it found in the body?
Stored in the liver, floating in blood, on surface markers of cells…

29. What is this macromolecule?
Lipids or fats.
Name 1 function of fats.
Energy storage.
Where is it found in our body?
Fatty tissue and cell walls.

30. What is this molecule? Amino acid
It is a subunit of what macromolecule?
Proteins
Amino acids are held together by what type of bond?
Proteins are found where in the body?
Muscles, enzymes,

31. What is this macromolecule?
Nucleic acid… specifically a nucleotide of DNA
What is the building block of nucleic acids?
Nucleotides
What do nucleic acids do?
Store hereditary information… the directions for life.
What is ATP
The energy currency in cells.

32. Summary
Large, complex biomolecules are built from a few smaller, simpler, repeating subunits arranged in many but precise ways.
Cells use carbohydrates, simple sugars and complex carbohydrates, for sources of energy, structural materials, and cellular identification.
The main functions of lipids (triglycerides, phospholipids, hormones) include storing energy and controlling water movement

33. Summary, continued
Proteins are chains of amino acids that serve functions of structure, motions immunity, chemical reactions, energy, and nutrient storage.
Nucleic acids (DNA & RNA) store and transmit hereditary information as well as are the source of universal energy (ATP).

34. Name one thing you can eat that contains each macromolecule
Carbohydrates
Sugar, plants,
Lipids
Meat, dairy, butter, oils
Proteins
Meat, dairy, beans,
Nucleic Acids
The building blocks are in anything that is or once was living… gross.

35. Link to Your Life…
Everything you should eat should have a good supply of the organic molecules of life.
Why do you think that is?
This is to ensure that we have enough of the subunits to be healthy.
When we eat food, we break the molecules down into their subunits and absorb them into our blood stream…METABOLISM
Our cells then take these subunits and re-build them into new organic molecules that we need.
A healthy balance of all the building blocks of cells is necessary for a healthy metabolism.
You determine the balance of the molecules by calculating how much of each there are in the foods you eat.
Total amount = Grams per serving x the number of servings

36. Practice Identify the serving size information. Locate Fat
How much per serving?
How many servings?
Total grams?
Locate Fat
How much total?
What % is fat?
Any Questions?
On to your Work.
Due Tomorrow.
1 cup 7
406 (58g x 7) 3g
3g x 7 = 21g
3g/58g x 100= 5%

37. Where are the Nucleic Acids?
Snickers
Subway turkey sub
Where are the Nucleic Acids?
If the product was living or is still living it has nucleic acids. If it was living and cooked or processed the nucleic acids were destroyed.
Taco Supreme