1. Chapter 2 Population and Health
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2. Demography Studies population and population characteristics
Looks at where, why and the scale of population in different regions
Predicts future growth and identifies potential population issues
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3. DemographERS Describe where people are found across Earth’s space
Look at reasons why population is growing/shrinking
Analyze how a more connected Earth affects health risks

4. Overpopulation
Occurs when the number of people exceeds the capacity of the environment to support them
Is the world overpopulated
As a whole?
In some regions/at a local scale?
Will the world become overpopulated?

5. Measuring Population Geographers use measures: Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
Crude Death Rate (CDR)
Natural Increase Rate (NIR)
Make sure you understand how these are calculated!

6. Crude Birth Rates
Fig. 2-8: The crude birth rate (CBR) is the total number of births in a country per 1000 population per year. The lowest rates are in Europe, and the highest rates are in Africa and several Asian countries.

7. Crude Death Rates
Fig. 2-9: The Total fertility rate (TFR) is the number of children an average woman in a society will have through her childbearing years. The lowest rates are in Europe, and the highest are in Africa and parts of the Middle East.

8. Natural Increase For most of human history, NIR was basically zero
Today’s NIR is 1.2- about 82,000,000 added each year
NIR affects doubling time- at today’s rate, it is 54 years
LDCs have much higher NIRs than MDCs- 95%!

9. Natural Increase Rates
Fig. 2-7: The natural increase rate (NIR) is the percentage growth or decline in the population of a country per year (not including net migration). Countries in Africa and Southwest Asia have the highest current rates, while Russia and some European countries have negative rates.

10. World Population Growth 1950 - 2005
Fig. 2-6: Total world population increased from 2.5 to over 6 billion in slightly over 50 years. The natural increase rate peaked in the early 1960s and has declined since, but the number of people added each year did not peak until 1990.

11. Total Fertility Rate
The average amount children a women will have throughout her life
Varies greatly by region (LDCs and MDCs)
For the world its around 3
In Africa its around 5
In USA and Europe around 2

12. Changes in Fertility Rates

13. Life Expectancy at Birth
Fig. 2-11: Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live. The highest life expectancies are generally in the wealthiest countries, and the lowest in the poorest countries.

14. Percent of Population Under Age 15
Fig. 2-12: The crude death rate (CDR) is the total number of deaths in a country per 1000 population per year. Because wealthy countries are in a late stage of the Demographic Transition, they often have a higher CDR than poorer countries.

15. Same Data… Different Form

16. Tools of the Demographer: Population Pyramids
What do population show us about population?

17. Population Pyramids Used to… Analyze growth and decline of populations
See patterns among/between age groups and genders
Get specific information about countries
Make predictions about future trends and needs

18. Population Pyramids Explained!
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19. Called Age Structure Diagrams/Shows Sex Ratio
DEPENDENCY RATIO
SHAPES ARE CLUES
Peak life expectancy
LOOK AT ALL THE DATA
Base birthrates
Sides death rates
Length of Bar% of total population

20. Time to Practice!

21. Population Pyramid of the U.S.

22. Population Pyramids in U.S. Cities

23. ___?___ Growth in Cape Verde

24. ___?___ Growth in Chile

25. ___?___ Growth in Denmark

26. Once Again- Just For Fun!
Click on any image to learn more!
Animation
Song
Lecture
Rap

27. Key Issue 3
Why is Population Increasing at Different Rates in Different Countries?

28. Demographic Transition
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29. Thinking Like A Geographer
How/why do demographers use the DTM?
How does the DTM show population change over time?
Is the DTM still hold true /relevant?

30. Is the DTM Still Relevant?
Critics Say…
Based on England only
Population growing much faster then ever before
Graying Population living loner than ever
Medical Revolution- 1900’s

31. Think About It…

32. Declining Birth Rates A result of
Better education for girls and women and knowledge of health care
Widespread use of family planning/contraception (NOT a universally accepted practice)

33. Use of Family Planning
Fig. 2-22: Both the extent of family planning use and the methods used vary widely by country and culture.

34. Malthus on Overpopulation
Rev. Thomas Robert Malthus was an English demographer best known for his pessimistic but highly influential views
Argued that the population would out run their food, because food increased mathematically and population increased exponentially.
Believed war, disease, or famine would equalize population growth unless people used “moral restraint”
(February, 1766 – December 23, 1834)

35. Neo-Malthusians
Claim that more LDC’s are in stage 2 of the demographic transition that ever before in history, thus putting a larger strain on the food supply
Believe population growth is out-stripping not just food production, but a wide variety of resources, such as oil and natural gas
Argue that population will be in check because of the scarcity of food will increase war, disease and death

36. Malthus Critics Not all resources are “fixed”
Marxist theory believes that there is enough food as long as it is shared amongst the people
Population could increase the economy and technology therefore providing solutions
Agriculture is expanding not fixed

37. Food & Population, 1950-2000 Malthus vs. Actual Trends
Fig. 2-20: Malthus predicted population would grow faster than food production, but food production actually expanded faster than population in the 2nd half of the 20th century.

38. Malthus in Theory… and In Reality
On a global scale, the theory does not hold true for the last 50 years- advances in food production have also increased
For many, food is available but not affordable

39. Japan’s Population Decline
Japan’s NIR is shrinking
Will impact the dependency ratio
Immigration is not encouraged
Mothers encouraged not to work

40. Population Futures… Stage 5?
Demographers predict the global population will be 9.5 billion by 2050
The majority of the growth will be in LDCs
MDCs may move into Stage 5 of the DTM
CBRs are lowering, but CDRs are rising (many more elderly)

41. India’s Population Policies
1st country to develop government family planning program
Educate women about birth control, clinics and free birth control devices
Legal abortions
Sterilization in return for a payment

42. China’s Population Policies
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In 1980, the Chinese government began a temporary one-child policy
Need a government permit to have a child
Age restrictions on marriage
Rewards for having just one child
Wealthy families sometimes pay a fee for a second child