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Chapter 3 Atmospheric Radiative Transfer and Climate

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Presentation on theme: "Chapter 3 Atmospheric Radiative Transfer and Climate"— Presentation transcript:

1 Chapter 3 Atmospheric Radiative Transfer and Climate
Kiehl and Trenberth (1997)

2 Energy Balance at the TOA (Ch. 2)
Planetary albedo Outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) Net incoming radiation Movie of net incoming radiation Zonal mean net radiation at TOA

3 Why do we global wind patterns (general circulation)?
Unequal heating of tropics and poles

4 General Circulation of the Atmosphere

5 Radiative Forcing

6 The greenhouse effect Solar radiation Long-wave radiation 236 Wm-2
Equivalent T = 255 K (-18ºC) 390 Wm-2 T = 288 K (+15ºC)

7 Nuclear Configuration and Permanent Dipole Movement
Symmetric, linear molecules (Both ends look the same) Nonlinear or bent Have pure rotation bands

8 Vibrational Modes of Diatomic and Triatomic Molecules

9 Atmospheric Absorption
Nitrous Oxide Atmospheric Absorption Methane Solar radiation passes rather freely through earth's atmosphere, but earth's re-emitted longwave energy either fits through a narrow window or is absorbed by greenhouse gases and re-radiated toward earth. Ozone Absorption (100%) Water Vapor Carbon Dioxide UV IR Total Atmo Wavelength

10 Spectra of outgoing radiation from Earth observed by IRIS on Nimbus 3

11 Cloud forcing = cloudy – cloud-free
Clouds and Radiation 1. Cloud maps 2. Radiation plots Cloud forcing = cloudy – cloud-free NET = SW + LW

12 Thermal equilibrium profiles

13 The Enhanced greenhouse effect
Solar (S) and longwave (L) radiation in Wm-2 at the top of the atmosphere S L S L S L S L T = -18°C CO2 x 2 + Feedbacks H2O (+60%) Ice/Albedo (+20%) Cloud? Ocean? CO2 x 2 CO2 x 2 TS = 15°C TS = 15°C DTS ~ 1.2K DTS ~ 2.5K

14 The climate system

15 The Development of Climate models, Past, Present and Future
Mid 1950s Late 1960s Early 1980s Mid 1990s Present day Late 2000s? Atmosphere Atmosphere Atmosphere Atmosphere Atmosphere Atmosphere Land surface Land surface Land surface Land surface Land surface Ocean & sea-ice Ocean & sea-ice Ocean & sea-ice Ocean & sea-ice Sulphate aerosol Sulphate aerosol Sulphate aerosol Non-sulphate aerosol Non-sulphate aerosol Carbon cycle Carbon cycle Atmospheric chemistry Sulphur cycle model Non-sulphate aerosols Off-line model development Strengthening colours denote improvements in models Ocean & sea-ice model Land carbon cycle model Carbon cycle model Ocean carbon cycle model Atmospheric chemistry Atmospheric chemistry Modified based on John Houghton

16 Coupled atmosphere / ocean climate model
Radiation Atmosphere: Density Motion Water Heat Exchange of: Momentum Water Ocean: Density (inc. Salinity) Motion Sea Ice Land

17

18 THE HADLEY CENTRE THIRD COUPLED MODEL - HadCM3
30km 19 levels in atmosphere 2.5 lat 3.75 long THE HADLEY CENTRE THIRD COUPLED MODEL - HadCM3 1.25 1.25 20 levels in ocean -5km

19

20 Physical Feedbacks Water vapour Ice albedo Clouds Oceans Ice sheets

21 Cloud Radiation Feedback

22 Cloud radiation feedback

23 Global average change in T /C

24 Model Estimates of Cloud Radiative Forcing with CO2 Doubling
Cloud forcing = cloudy – cloud-free NET = SW + LW

25 Effect of cloud feedback formulation on climate prediction
Feedback scheme Global Av Temp change,C for doubled CO2 RH CW CWRP after Senior & Mitchell, Hadley Centre

26 Net cloud forcing: January to July
Hadley Centre

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