1. WORLDS WATER SOURCES:

2. Average # or people
Love hustle & bustle
The great outdoors
Mid- Altitude

3. Salinity Total amount of solid material dissolved in water
Typical salinity is 3.5%
Six elements make up 99% of dissolved solids in seawater
Fig. 5.12

4. Salinity variations
Open ocean salinity varies from 33 to 37 o/oo (PPT)
Influx of freshwater lowers salinity
Greater rate of evaporation raises salinity
Salinity may vary with seasons (dry/rain)

5. http://eesc. columbia. edu/courses/ees/climate/lectures/saltyatlantic

7. Results in Less Water or More water??
Streams carry water to the ocean
Seawater freezes in cold ocean areas
Warm temperatures cause sea ice floats to liquify
Rain, sleet, hail or snow falls directly on ocean
Glacial ice breaks off (calves) into the ocean and melts
Results in Less Water or More water??

9. Sources of Ocean Salts
Weathering and erosion of earth’s crust through rain runoff etc
Dissolved from rocks below the sea floor through hydrothermal vents
Volcanic ash

11. Temperature Varies between -2 & 30 degrees (28-86 F)
Increases the metabolic rates of aquatic organisms
Affects the rate of photosynthesis by aquatic plants and algae
Increases the sensitivity of organisms to disease, parasites and pollution
Raising water temperature increases decomposition rate of organic matter in the water depleting dissolve oxygen supplies

12. Density Colder, saltier water sinks creating currents
Responsible for upwelling of nutrients to the surface
upwelling demo

13. Carbon dioxide – buildup in the air ends up in the ocean
This causes acidic conditions that prevent shells from forming!
Acid Test: The Global Challenge of Ocean Acidification – YouTube
Nitrates - Excess amounts of nitrates can cause algae to bloom wildly reducing oxygen levels for fish and sometimes causing their death (fertilizers!)

17. Dissolved Gases
Oxygen – most concentrated in colder waters, effects distributions of animals

18. Transparency/Turbidity
can be affected by plant nutrients coming from sewage treatment or fertilizers. Suspended sediments in the coastal ocean may have come from re-suspension, coastal erosion, agricultural runoff of sediments and chemicals, and urban storm runoff. All of these elements, among others, affect the turbidity and transparency of the water
a general indication of problems with algae, zooplankton, and silt

20. Pressure Places limitations on physical structure of organisms
Ex. Fish in the deep sea lack a gas-filled bladder

21. Epipelagic/Photic Zone
Enough light for photo-synthesis, most ocean life exists here 0-200m
Mesopelagic/Twilight Zone – small amount of light, vertically migrating species here m
Bathypelagic zone
No light, many species have bioluminescence
Abyssopelagic / Hadal Zone – deepest parts, no light, high pressure, low muscle mass, lack of color, no swim bladders

22. _______________

23. pH Pure water = 7.0 (neutral)
Ocean Water = about 8.0 – 8.3 (slightly basic)
Extremely high or low pH levels (above 11.0 and below 4.5) become lethal for most organisms