1. States of Consciousness

2. Different States of Consciousness
Normal Waking Consciousness
Conscious awareness- attention and arousal impact this
Preconscious – can easily bring back to awareness
Subconscious/unconscious – wishes or inner conflicts that we are unaware of but affect behavior
Nonconscious- eg. Brain monitors body temperature
Daydreams and fantasies
Sleep & Dreams
Hypnosis
Drug States
Meditation
Near-Death Experiences

3. Conscious
Preconscious
Subconscious
Unconscious

4. Why do we daydream? They can help us prepare for future events.
They can nourish our social development.
Can substitute for impulsive behavior.

5. Biorhythms
Circadian – normal _____Hour cycles, waking and sleeping cycles (6-8 hours), temperature levels, glucose cycles, hormonal levels
Ultradian – fast cycles, less than 24 hrs., heartbeat ( beats per minute), red blood cell production (2 million per second), blinking, respiration, cellular mitosis (80 minutes)
Infradian – longer cycles, menstrual cycle (28 days), animal hibernation, red blood cells last 120 days, developmental cycles: childhood, puberty, aging

6. The Body’s Clock
Special receptors in the _____ and the hypothalamus allow the body to respond to changes in light and dark
Ex: melatonin goes up in dark and down in light (secreted by pineal gland)
Melatonin is used to treat insomnia and blind people with sleep-wake problems

7. The Body’s Clock When the clock is out of sync
Circadian rhythms are in phase with one another
When one changes, others are thrown off
Why would a rhythm change?

8. Rhythms of Sleep
“The behavior patterns involved in sleep are glaring, almost insanely, at odds with common sense.”
Christopher Evans (British psychologist)

9. Why do we need sleep?
Ecological Niche: back in the day, darkness meant death, those that slept did not go out, thus did not die. Sleep protects us.

10. Sleep helps us recuperate and restores the breakdown of our body.

11. Why We Sleep

12. How much sleep do we need?
2/3 of Americans get less than ___hours
Newborns ____-_____ hours
Adults sleep___hours
Elderly ___ hours
American students average ___hours
Adolescents typically need 10 hours
Linked to lower grades

13. Sleep Stages There are 5 identified stages of sleep.
It takes about ____-____ minutes to pass through the 5 stages.
The brain’s waves will change according to the sleep stage you are in.
The first four stages are known as _____ sleep.
The fifth stage is called _____ sleep.

14. EEG Cycles

15. Stage One
This is experienced as falling sleep and is a ___________ stage between wake and sleep.
It usually lasts between ___ and ___ minutes and occupies approximately 2-5 % of a normal night of sleep.
eyes begin to roll slightly.
consists mostly of theta waves (high amplitude, low frequency (slow))
brief periods of alpha waves, similar to those present while awake
Hallucinations can occur and feeling of falling.

16. Stage Two
This follows Stage 1 sleep and is the “___________" of sleep.
This stage is part of the 90 minute cycle and occupies approximately ___-___% of sleep.

17. Stage Three & Four
Stages three and four are "Delta" sleep or "slow wave" sleep and may last __-__ minutes.
It is called “_____ ______" sleep because brain activity slows down dramatically from the "theta" rhythm of Stage 2 to a much slower rhythm called "delta" and the height or amplitude of the waves increases dramatically.

18. Stage Three and Four (continued)
Contrary to popular belief, it is _____ _______ that is the "deepest" stage of sleep (not REM) and the most restorative.
It is delta sleep that a sleep-deprived person's brain craves the first and foremost.
In children, delta sleep can occupy up to 40% of all sleep time and this is what makes children unawakeable or “______ ______" during most of the night.

19. Stage Five: REM SLEEP REM: _____________________________
This is a very active stage of sleep.
Composes % of a normal nights sleep.
Breathing, heart rate and brain wave activity ___________.
Vivid Dreams can occur.
From REM, you go back to Stage 2
Body is essentially __________ during REM

20. Figure 7.7 The stages in a typical night’s sleep Myers: Psychology, Eighth Edition Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers

22. Lack of Sleep
Hormone levels necessary for normal muscle development & proper immune system functioning decline
Mental flexibility, attention, & creativity all ________
Brain cells can become __________ or ___________
____________ & ____________
Higher rate of infections
Pg Invitation to Psychology

23. Dangers of Staying up Too Late
Likelihood of traffic & work accidents increases
Tired truck drivers 1500 road deaths per year
Driver fatigue causes more accidents than alcohol or other drugs

24. Sleeping Disorders Sleep studies and sleep labs Insomnia Sleep Apnea
EEG, EOG, and EMG scans
Insomnia
Sleep Apnea
Narcolepsy
Sleep walking/Night Terrors
Sleep talking, nightmares

25. Insomnia
Difficulty in ________________________
Causes:

26. Sleep Apnea
A sleep disorder characterized by temporary _______________________ during sleep and consequent momentary reawakenings.
Causes:
Can cause high blood pressure & irregular heartbeat

27. Narcolepsy
Sudden and unpredictable daytime attacks of _________________________
Can last from 5-30 minutes
250,000 Americans suffer from it (some don’t even know it)
Genetic

28. Night Terrors
A sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an ____________________________________.
Occur in Stage 4, not REM, and are not often remembered.

29. Sleepwalking - Somnambulism
Sleepwalking is a sleep disorder effecting an estimated 10 percent of all humans at least once in their lives.
Sleep walking most often occurs during deep, _______ sleep (stage 3 or stage 4 sleep) early in the night.

30. Dreams No non-dreamers just _________ Average 4-5 dreams
More vivid happen in _____ sleep
Sleep learning does not occur
Usually unaware of where your body is located

31. Exploring the Dream World
Lucid Dreams

32. Theories of Dreams
Dreams as ___________ wishes (latent vs. manifest) – Freud
Provide insight into desires, motives, & conflicts of which we are unaware
Dreams as ________ __________– Cartwright
Dreams as _________ _________– Crick and Mitchison

33. Theories of Dreams
Dreams as interpreted brain activity – __________ __________Model – Hobson and McCarley
during the night our brainstem releases random neural activity, dreams may be a way to make sense of that activity.
Physiological function – develops and preserves neural pathways
Cognitive development – stimulating the brain

34. REM Rebound
The tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation.
What will happen if you don’t get a good nights sleep for a week, and then sleep for 10 hours?

35. Theories of Forgetting Dreams
_____________– we don’t want to remember
Salience hypothesis – only remember dreams which are ________ __________
____________– thinking/tasks keep us from remembering
Cortical ________ that control storage of new memories are turned “off”