1. © P2Power Solutions Pvt. Ltd
Diesel Generator Primer
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2. Diesel Generator – Working Principle
DIESEL ENGINE
ALTERNATOR
LOAD
chemical
mechanical
electrical
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3. Diesel Generator – Fuel Consumption Pattern
efficiency increases with DG size
maximum >70% loading
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4. Diesel Generator – Operating Guidelines
Ensure steady load conditions
Minimize load fluctuations
Ensure balanced loading
Minimize load harmonic distortions
Ensure optimum loading (>70%)
Ensure air at generator intake is cold and dust free
Ensure fuel oil storage, handling and preparation as per manufacturers' guidelines
Calibrate fuel injection pumps frequently
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5. Diesel Generator – Load Characteristics
Power Factor
Increased current demand
Increased winding losses
Underutilization of capacity: increased capital expenditure, lower efficiency.
Load unbalance
Unbalanced output voltages
Heating in alternator windings
Underutilization of capacity
Non Linear loads
Overstressing of generators
Distorted voltage profile
Heating in alternator windings
Underutilization of capacity
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6. © P2Power Solutions Pvt. Ltd
Case Study I
Power Factor Improvement on DG
DG Specifications: 3 phase, 415V, 50Hz, 500kVA. Operation: 6000 hours/yr
Contents
Operating Condt.-1
Operating Condt.-2
Power Factor
0.65
0.93
Rated Current in Amps
695.60
Avg. Load in kW
250.00
kVA
384.6
268.8
Current in Amps
535
374
Fuel Consumption
3kWh/Lit.
Full Load Copper Loss in kW 12
Copper Loss in kW
12*(535^2)/(695.6^2)=7.1
12*(374^2)/(695.6^2)=3.5
Saving in Copper Losses
kW = 3.6 kW
For 6000 hour Operation
3.6 x 6000 kWh = 21,600 kWh
Potential Saving in Fuel
21600/3 lit./yr= 7,200 lit./yr
Potential Savings in 40/lit. = Rs. 2,88,000 per year
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7. © P2Power Solutions Pvt. Ltd
Case Study II
Parallel Operation of DG sets
Contents
Operating Condition-1
Operating Condition-2
Loading Factor
60%
80%
DG in Operation(Parallel)
1*1000kVA & 2*500kVA
1*1000kVA & 1*500kVA
Dg Operationin Hrs
5000
Total Energy Generated(kWh/yr)
4,80,000
Fuel Consumption
3kWh/Litre
3.6kWh/Litre
Power Factor
0.7
Total Fuel Consumption
1,60,000 Lit.
13, Lit.
Cost
Saving in Fuel Consumption
1,60, , = litres
Annual Saving in Rs. =
Total savings per year (5000 hrs. operation) = Rs. 10,66,666.8 Lakhs
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8. PF Correction – Benefits
Optimum capacity utilization
Reduction in Peak current demand
Reduced losses
Reduced heating
Efficient loading
KW loading should be within limits at all times
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9. PF Correction – Capability Curve
Red: Critical Zone
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10. PF Correction – Traditional Solutions
Risk of over compensation
Voltage transients
Slow response
Stepped correction
Large footprint
Potentially damage D.G
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11. Active Power Conditioner – Technology
Iactive
Ireactive
Iharmonic
ILoad
Ireactive
Iharmonic
IAPC
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12. Active Power Conditioner – Technology
ID.G
IAPC
ILoad
APC
Load
D.G
active
reactive +
harmonic
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13. Active Power Conditioner – Technology
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14. COMPARISON SHEET Active Power Conditioner Hybrid PF Compensator
Active Power Conditioner
Hybrid PF Compensator
Substitute Technology
P2 Power Active Filter
P2 Power Hybrid Compensator
APFC, RTPFC
PERFORMANCE
Speed
< 0.2 milli seconds
Response time in seconds
Technology
Stepless current compensation
Stepped kVAR compensation
Effectiveness
Effective with highly fluctuating loads
Ineffective with fluctuating loads
Power Factor (PF) Correction
True PF compensation
Displacement PF compensation
Leading/Lagging PF
Both Leading/Lagging PF compensation
Lagging PF compensation only
Load Balancing
Negative sequence current injection
No load balancing
Harmonic Compensation
Harmonic compensation
No Harmonic Compensation
Neutral Correction
Possible with 4 wire system
Not possible
Not Possible
FOOTPRINT
Size Advantages
Smallest Footprint
Small
Largest Footprint
COST
Installation (per Ampere)
`3400~`4200
`2300~`2800
`1000~`1800
Resource Intensive
Smallest space requirement
Low on space requirements
Increases cost of space
Capital Cost
Reduced failures
Can increase failures due to resonance
Operating Cost
Low operating cost
Recurring cost of capacitor replacement
Returns on Investment
High
High with non fluctuating loads
Improved PF
Better voltage profile
Introduces voltage transients
Can increase failure due to resonance
MAINTENANCE
Maintenance requirements
Modular design
Easy Maintenance
Spare parts requirements
Virtually maintenance free
Recurring cost of capacitors/contactors
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15. © P2Power Solutions Pvt. Ltd
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