1. AP EURO Unit #5 – Nationalism of 19th Century PPT #509 Taming the City, and The Rich and the Poor (ISSUES OF URBANIZATION)

2. Life in the city What were conditions like?
Absolutely deplorable conditions
Unpaved streets, no trash collection
Over crowded and filthy
No parks or open areas – no real urban planning
Open sewers, lacking drainage
Complete absence of public transportation
Living in cellars, often surrounded by overflowing outhouses and sewers
Urbanization in England:
1801 – 1.5 million in cities (17% of population)
1851 – 6 million (35%)
1881 – 15 million (54%)

3. Advent of public health
Theory: disease was caused by filth
Cholera epidemic of 1856
What was utilitarianism?
How would it apply?
Poor Law of 1834
Response to Bentham’s Utilitarianism
What was the “Bacterial Revolution?

4. Bacteria Revolution Sanitation improvements Sewer System – Paris first
Reaction to Cholera epidemics in 1830s & 1840s
Believed to be a result of filth
Massive clean up
Sewer System – Paris first
Led to dramatic drop in mortality rates
Germ Theory – disease caused by microbes
Louis Pasteur (France) – pasteurization (heating)
Robert Koch (Germany) – identified harmful germs
Joseph Lister (Britain) –sterilize before surgery

5. Response to improvements
How do we know this all mattered?
Note chart on p. 721
Mortality rates dropped dramatically
Some diseases just disappeared
Housing theory: adequate housing -> lack of social unrest and political discontent

6. Urban Planning
What will this lead to that we now see in European cities?
Led to Beautification of cities
Paris – George Haussmann
Hired by Napoleon II
Completely transformed city
Tore down whole neighborhoods of tangled streets
Crowded cities = more crime
London – Sir Robert Peel
Uniformed police force – separate from army

7. To protect and serve… What is changing with police force? Why?
Why does it matter? What does it show?
Peel’s “bobbies” – uniformed police without weapons – to serve the public
Prison Reform
New goal: rehabilitate, not just punish
Previous: “hulks,” “transportation,” large holding cells holding all types of criminals
Philadelphia system – isolate criminals

8. Public Transportation
Mostly a western European improvement
Started with [American invented] horse drawn street car
Pleasant, convenient, clean, reliable
Electric street car
Faster, cheaper, dependable, cleaner, comfort
1886 – 900 million riders in “big four” western nations nations
1910 – 7 billion riders

9. Public Transportation
Mostly a western European improvement
Started with [American invented] horse drawn street car
Pleasant, convenient, clean, reliable
Electric street car
Faster, cheaper, dependable, cleaner, comfort
1886 – 900 million riders in “big four” western nations nations
1910 – 7 billion riders

10. The Rich and the Poor

11. Distribution of Income
Disparity still huge – not changing
Richest 5% received 30% of income
Bottom 80% got less than 50%
But – stratified – lots of subclasses
But, wages did have real growth
Doubled for British workers
Other industrial nations to follow

12. Life for the Middle Class
What characterized how they lived?
Big meat eaters – 25% of income
Well fed, well housed
Fancy clothing – material tastes
Well served – another 25% of income
STRICT code of behavior
Stressed hard work and discipline
Sexual purity
Saw drunkenness as a vice of the poor
Committed to family and upward mobility

13. Life for the Working Class
80% of British population by 1900
Fewer than 8% still on farm in Britain
Germany closest – 25%
France lagging behind – 50%
All other FAR behind
LABOR ARISTOCRACY
Highly skilled lower class – leaders of laborers
Attempted to live as the Middle Class
Strict moral code – puritanical
Proud to be foremen and construction bosses
Many MANY domestic servants (1 out of 7)
Lowest workers: “sweated industries”

14. Life for the Middle Class
What characterized how they lived?
Big meat eaters – 25% of income
Well fed, well housed
Fancy clothing – material tastes
Well served – another 25% of income
STRICT code of behavior
Stressed hard work and discipline
Sexual purity
Saw drunkenness as a vice of the poor
Committed to family and upward mobility

15. Leisure and Recreation
What appeared to be happing to behavior of the common man?
Why do you think that was happening?
Even working class enjoyed
Drinking still popular among lower classes
Heavy drinking became taboo
Public drinking – became more oriented for couples
Cruel sports on the decline
Replaced with soccer and racing (spectator sports)
Music halls and vaudeville
Decline in Church attendance & donations

17. (if not covered already)
British Government
(if not covered already)

18. British monarchs of 19th century
George III ( ) – American Revolution
George IV ( ) – first son to George III accused his father of insanity, so he could rule.
Charming, but selfish, unreliable, irresponsible
Secretly (illegally) married his catholic, commoner GF
King forced him into unhappy marriage to cousin
William IV ( ) – third son to George III
Ended slavery, the Poor Law, Reform Bill of 1832
Had 10 illegitimate kids with actress GF – no legitimate
Power passed to daughter of 4th son of George III
Victoria I ( )- only legitimate grandchild of George III – 63 years monarch

19. Queen Victoria and Victorian Engl.
She saved the monarchy
Why would I say that?
Monarchy came to represent what was great about British character
She represented loyalty, thrift hard work
She married her love and cousin, Albert of the house of Saxe-Coburg Gotha
Nine children – married them into various royal houses in Europe
That meant that many monarchs just prior to WWI were closely related

20. British Reform Bills Purpose: increase suffrage There were three:
1832 – end of first third of 19th century
1867 – end of second third
1884 – middle of third third
Remember: each third was owned by its own “ism”
CONSERVATIVES – LIBERALS – SOCIALISTS
Examine the first reform bill with a partner (handout)
For the handout on MaCaulay, create three short answer questions:
A should be answerable simply by reading the passage
B should need outside knowledge AND analysis
C should require a pull of an outside factoid AND analysis of how it fits into the subject of the question

21. How the poor got their vote:
People on the farm
The landed rich and the poor farmers
People in the Factories
Factory owners and factory workers
The wealthy
In Parliament
Goal: protect wealth
Willing to ally with the opposition’s opposition
Tories
Landed Rich
Corn Laws
Whigs
Factory Owners
Anti-Corn Law
Laissez Faire
Middle class
VERY wealthy
Exploited factory workers
The poor masses
Mostly illiterate
Goal: survival
Gaining a little $$
Farmers
(peasants and yeoman)
Much more efficient
Village – old school
Illiterate
Factory Workers
Proletariat
Exploited
Had been farm hands
Landed Gentry wanted factory workers to have voting power to challenge the Whigs
Factory owners wanted farmers to have voting power to challenge the Tories

22. House of Commons
House of Lords had become fully subordinate to Commons
Whigs vs. Tories
First Reform Bill of 1832
Liberal Legislation – Gladstone – voting power to the Middle Class – ended Tory (Conservative) control of HoC
Second Reform Bill of 1867
Conservative Legislation – Benjamin Disraeli
Full suffrage to middle class and Labor Aristocracy
Purpose: increase anti-whig voters
Third Reform Bill of 1884
Full male suffrage

23. What was the result? Tories vs. Whigs The wealthy fought each other
And in the process… gave the right to vote to the poor segment of society who were their allies against their enemies
But…
In the process… they gave up all their power to the poorest segments of society…
Enter: the era of the socialists

24. The People’s Budget
Labour took Commons with Prime Minster David Lloyd George
New political party – represented the workers
With new suffrage, who will they represent?
Increased spending on socialist agenda
Raised taxes on the wealthy
National health insurance, unemployment benefits, old age pensions

25. Home Rule in Ireland British slowly granting more freedoms to Irish
Rights to Catholic peasants
WWI stopped all developments
Irish agitated, esp. the non-agrig. Northern section of Ulster
N. Irish raised an army of 100,000 militants
Supported by British populace
Irish raise there own army – the IRA

26. Marxism and Socialist Movement
Socialism became a powerful political party by close of 1871
Marx claimed that workers had no nation
Needed to unite across borders
Founded FIRST INTERNATIONAL
Union of workers
He passionately supported the Paris Commune
Meeting collapsed
Second International
Second International ( )
Met every three years to discuss socialism
Created “May Day” to celebrate the worker

27. Assessment of Decade Changes in Britain Changes in France
Changes in Germany
Changes in Russia