1. Literary & Figurative language terms
Construction of Literature

2. Setting & Point of View Point of View: The voice telling the story.
Setting: Time and place.  Be specific as possible.
Point of View: The voice telling the story.
First person is the voice used when a character in the story functions as the narrator.
Third Person omniscient (all knowing) and is not a character in the story.  This voice has unlimited access to location and thoughts of more than one character.
Third Person Limited has limited access to the information and isn’t as common as the other two.

3. Point of View https://www.flocabulary.com/unit/point-of-view/
“I was born with water on the brain.” (from The Absolutely True Story of a Part-Time Indian by Sherman Alexie)
That's... First person!
“He looked up into Father Wolf's face, and laughed.” (from The Jungle Book by Rudyard Kipling)
That's... Third person!

4. The People
The people in the story are called characters, and the author’s way of telling you what kind of people they are is called characterization.
Direct Characterization:  The author directly states the character traits; tells you straight out information;
          EX:  He is tall.
Indirect Characterization:  The author shows you information, and you must make your own conclusions.  Requires you to infer; this is much more colorful and interesting to read. Uses STEAL
          EX:  When he walked into the classroom, his head almost hit the top of the door jam.
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Minor Characters:  characters who take place in the action but are not the focus of the attention; they play a small role
Major Character:  the protagonist, the antagonist, and other characters that have a large role in the story.
Protagonist:  hero
Antagonist: the one in conflict with the hero: opposes the protagonist.
Static Characters: characters that do not undergo any internal change from the story’s inception to its conclusion.
Dynamic Characters: characters that undergo an internal change over the course of a story as a result of their experience. Most protagonists are dynamic.

7. Plot PLOT: The action moves from a problem to a solution.
Main idea: the overall idea about a passage or text (plot summary). It is closely related to the TOPIC of the passage and may sometimes be stated in a topic sentence, especially in shorter passages.
Plot Structure:  Open base triangle diagram
Exposition:  characters and setting and basic information
Inciting incident:  first clue to the main conflict that leads to the climax; reader discovers the main struggle
Rising Actions:  events leading up to the climax; becomes more complicated
Climax:  Turning point
Falling Actions: specific events after the climax that leads to the resolution
Resolution:  conflict is resolved
Denouement: any action or events that take place after the central conflict has been resolved. Not always present.

8. Literary Elements
Conflict:   Source of tension in the story. 
Central Conflict: this conflict drives the main plot of the story; it is the conflict between the protagonist and antagonist; shows up in the inciting incident of plot mountain
External:   one in which a character struggles against some outside force                   
Character vs. Character — A conflict in which a character has a problem with another character.
Character vs. Nature — A conflict in which a character must struggle against a harsh environment or natural disaster.
Character vs. Society — A conflict in which a character faces a problem with a part or the whole of society (e.g., government, tradition, laws).
Character vs. Fate — A conflict in which a character struggles with a force that seems beyond the character’s control
Character vs. Supernatural- A conflict in which a character struggles with a force that is not of the human world.
Internal Conflict: one in which a character struggles against a force within.
Human vs. himself: A conflict in which the main character is at odds with an internal problem, such as fear, shyness, or guilt.

9. Two Types of Characterization
Direct Characterization
Author directly tells the reader the traits of the character
Indirect Characterization
a method of characterization that requires the reader to infer facts about a character’s traits.
Speech
Thoughts of the Character
Effects on Other Characters
Actions of the Character
**** Most important
Looks of the Character
**** Least important

10. Theme
What is the authors’ message to the reader?  The theme is usually that message.  It can usually be some observation about the human condition-- how the universe treats us, how we treat each other, how we treat ourselves, etc.  Some stories may have more than one theme.  Another way to define theme is: a particular point of view the author wishes to express about a particular topic (love, death, growing up, nature, relationships, etc.).

11. Tone, Mood, and Atmosphere
Tone is the author’s attitude towards what she is presenting.  The attitude can be humorous, ironic, sarcastic, loving or spiteful.  The author can be sympathetic towards his characters or scornful of them.  The attitude shows up in the way he writes about the events and in the event and setting he chooses.
Mood is the attitude of the characters towards what is happening.  It may be sadness, fear, happiness or one of many others.  In some fiction, the mood may change from hope to despair, courage to fear or vice versa.
Atmosphere is the general emotional effect of a story or of a scene from a story.  It includes the effect of moods and is controlled by the author’s tone.  Thus, a story may have an atmosphere of gloom or horror, or of joy or bewilderment, just to name a few.

12. What’s the Difference?
Moral -An intended lesson expressed in a simple story. Fables and parables are specifically designed to teach a moral, which often appears in a single statement at the end.
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Theme (Central Message) - A central message that an author conveys in a piece of literature. Sometimes the theme is obvious, while other times the reader must think carefully about a work in order to identify theme; themes are found in stories, movies, songs, poems, etc. There can be more than one theme in a passage.
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******Theme is not the same as main idea or moral!

13. Main Idea
Main Idea - The overall idea about a passage or text. The main idea is closely related to the TOPIC of a passage and may sometimes be stated in a topic sentence, especially in shorter passages or paragraphs; You can find the main idea by thinking about the supporting details. Supporting details tell more about the main idea. Supporting details often answer the questions: Who? How? What? Where? When?

14. Literary Terms Imply: author gives clues to the reader
Literary Elements: components that make up a work of literature (characters, characterization, conflict, setting, theme, symbolism, point of view, mood, tone, and plot)
Allusion:  a reference to a statement, a person, place or event that is known from literature or history.  The most common:  The Bible, mythology and Shakespeare.
Connotation:  the feelings evoked by a word
Denotation:  definition of a word
Imply:  author gives clues to the reader
Infer:  reader interprets the clues the author provides
Inferences:  conclusions based on clues –reader makes these

15. Literary Terms
personification:  when inanimate (lifeless)objects are given human qualities
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Flashback:  a scene that interrupts the present action of the plot to go back and tell what happened earlier.
Foreshadowing:  the use of clues to hint at what is going to happen later in the plot.
Satire:  a style of writing that ridicules human weaknesses, vice or folly in order to bring out social reform.
Irony:  Irony is essentially a discrepancy between what happens to be and what really is (appearance and reality.  There are three types:
Situational:  Difference between what appears to be and what really is
Dramatic:  When the audience knows something that the characters don’t
Verbal:  To say one thing but mean something else (Sarcasm)

16. Literary Terms
hyperbole:  an over exaggeration that should not be taken seriously
Symbol:  a symbol is something that stands for itself and for something broader than itself as well.  In literature, a symbol may be an object, a person, a situation or an action that suggests or represents a wider meaning.  Thing stands for idea.
Sensory imagery :  words or phrases the appeal to the 5 senses and conjure up mental images; especially in the setting and character development
Figurative language:  writing or speech that is not meant to be taken literally, but has an intended meaning behind it. It is used to state ideas in vivid imaginative ways.
simile:  indirect comparison that equates two unlike objects. (like or as)
Metaphore:  direct comparison that equates two unlike objects. (indicates that one thing is another)
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