1. Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Chapter 14
Epidemiology
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2. Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Epidemiology
Population-focused applied science
Uses quantitative methods
Examines prevalence
Determines causative and risk factors
Chapter 14
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3. Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Community Health
Triad of applied sciences
Ecology
Demography
Epidemiology
Chapter 14
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4. Epidemiologic Approach
Agent
Host
Environment
Chapter 14
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5. Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Agent
Nutritive elements
Chemical agents
Physical agents
Infectious agents
Chapter 14
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6. Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Host
Person
Population
Factors that affect host susceptibility
Chapter 14
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7. Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Environment
External factors
Elements
Geographic factors
Occupational hazards
Personal or secular factors
Host-environment interaction
Chapter 14
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8. Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Epidemiologic Triad
Host
Environment
Agent
Chapter 14
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9. Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Web of Causation
Causal relationships that contribute to disease
Chapter 14
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10. Natural History of a Disease
Unaltered course of a disease without any intervention
Cohort study
Chapter 14
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11. Continuum of Natural History of Disease
Exposure to agent
Development of disease signs and symptoms
Disability or death
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12. Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Screening tests
False-negative
False-positive
Sensitivity
Specificity
Chapter 14
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13. Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Prevention
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Chapter 14
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14. Types of Epidemiologic Studies
Observational – descriptive and analytic studies
Descriptive epidemiology
Correlational
Cross-sectional
Case reports
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15. Analytic Epidemiology
Case control (retrospective)
Cohort (prospective)
Chapter 14
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Intervention Studies
Experimental
Alter behavior of individuals
Types
Prevention trials
Therapeutic trials
Chapter 14
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17. Epidemiologic Measurement
Measures of disease frequency
Prevalence rate & point prevalence
Incidence rate
Morbidity rate & attack rate
Mortality rate & case fatality rate
Chapter 14
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18. Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Vital Statistics
Systematic registration of vital events
Includes births and deaths, incidence of reportable diseases
Chapter 14
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19. Measures of Association
Risk
Relative risk
Attributable risk
Odds ratio
Chapter 14
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20. Epidemiologic Approach in Community Health Nursing
Measure health status and disease occurrence in populations
Surveillance
Case finding
Determining the health status of a population
Evaluating care
Chapter 14
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21. PRECEDE-PROCEED Model
Health promotion planning framework
Primary, secondary, or tertiary
Based on nursing process
Evaluation from community health perspective
Chapter 14
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