1. THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
HOW DO ANIMALS PROTECT THEIR BODIES AGAINST INVASION?
Refer to pg in Holtzclaw Ch 43 in Campbell and media resources

2. IMMUNE SYSTEM Chapter 43 in Campbell, p. 227-232 in Holtzclaw
You must know:
Several elements of an innate immune response.
The differences between B and T cells relative to their activation and actions.
How antigens are recognized by immune system cells.
The differences in humoral and cell-mediated immunity.
Why helper T cells are central to immune responses.

3. INNATE VS. ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
Compare innate immunity and acquired immunity
Innate Immunity
Acquired Immunity

4. INNATE VS. ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
Compare innate immunity and acquired immunity
Innate Immunity
-rapid response
-recognizes broad range of pathogens
Made up of:
1. barrier defenses (skin, mucuous membranes, etc)
2. internal defenses (phagocytic cells and antimicrobial proteins)
Acquired Immunity
-slower response
-specific to particular pathogens
1. humoral response
-antibodies defend in body fluids
-effector B cells
2. cell-mediated response
-cytotoxic lymphocytes defend in body cells
-cytotoxic T cells

5. 43.1 IN INNATE IMMUNITY, RECOGNITION AND RESPONSE RELY ON SHARED TRAITS OF PATHOGENS
1. Barrier defenses
epithelial tissues
mucous membranes
lysozome
acidic environment
oil and sweat glands

6. INNATE IMMUNITY 2. Phagocytic white blood
cells (TLRs) and phagocytosis
neutrophils
macrophages
eusinophils
dendritic cells
3. Antimicrobial peptides
interferon
complement

7. INNATE IMMUNITY 4. Inflammatory response
(1) Injury? Mast cells at cite release signaling molecules (histamines) that act on nearby capillaries
(2) capillaries widen and become more permeable (antimicrobial peptides in fluid enter tissue)
(3) phagocytic cells digest pathogens -> tissue heals 

8. INNATE IMMUNITY 5. Natural killer (NK) cells
Help recognize and eliminate diseased cells
How?
Patrol body looking for cells that show class I MHC molecule
Attach to diseased cell and release chemicals that cause cell death

9. TRY THIS #1
Which cells and which signaling molecules are responsible for initiating an inflammatory response?
A) phagocytes; lysozomes
B) phagocytes; chemokines
C) dendritic cells; interferons
D) mast cells; histimines
E) lymphocytes; interferons

10. TRY THIS #2
Mammals have Toll-like receptors (TLRs) that act in a manner similarly to those of insects. While not specific to a particular pathogen, a TLR can recognize a kind of macromolecule that is absent from vertebrates but present in/on certain groups of pathogens. Which of the following is most likely to be recognized by a particular TLR that defends against some viruses?
A) lipopolysacchrides
B) double-stranded DNA
C) double-stranded RNA
D) glycoproteins
E) phospholipids

11. 43.2 IN ACQUIRED IMMUNITY, LYMPHOCYTE RECEPTORS PROVIDE PATHOGEN-SPECIFIC RECOGNITION
Vertebrates have two types of lymphocytes. Where do they develop/mature?
B cells – bone marrow
T cells – thymus
B cells

12. ACQUIRED IMMUNITY VOCABULARY
Lymphocyte
Cytokines
Antigen
Antigen receptor
Antibody
Immunoglobin
Epitope

13. ACQUIRED IMMUNITY On the following B cell and T cell, label the:
antigen-binding site, alpha chain, beta chain, light chain, heavy chain, variable region, constant region, transmembrane region, disulfide bridge
B cell

14. ACQUIRED IMMUNITY MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX (MHC)
MHC Class I and MHC Class II
Identify the diagrams below
Which T cells recognize which class?
How are MHC molecules used?

15. ACQUIRED IMMUNITY What is self-tolerance? Effector cells Memory cells
Clonal selection

16. ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
Primary and secondary immune response

17. 43.4 ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY DEFENDS AGAINST INFECTION OF BODY FLUIDS AND BODY CELLS HELPER T CELLS

18. ACT OUT!
1) humoral immune response
2) cell-mediated immune response

19. LABEL THE DIAGRAM AND ACT OUT! GROUP 1
How does a cytotoxic T cell destroy a target cell? Use the terms
Dendritic cells, macrophages and cytotoxic T cells

20. LABEL THE DIAGRAM AND ACT OUT! GROUP 2
B cell activation

21. TRY THIS #3 When would B cells produce effector cells? Between
A) 0-7 days
B) 7-14 days
C) days
D) A and B
E) A and C
Activation and clonal selection of effector B cells = humoral response

22. TRY THIS #4 When would memory cells be produced? Between
A) 0-7 days
B) 7-14 days
C) days
D) days
E) A and C
When would you find antibodies being produced?
3-7 days and days

23. How can antibodies dispose of antigens?
1. viral neutralization
Antibodies bind to surface of pathogen
Can’t infect host cell
2. opsonization
Increase phagocytosis of antigen
Antibodies bind to antigen and are very recognizable
3. activation of complement
Within the complement system -> membrane attacks pores -> H2O enters -> cell lyses

24. IMMUNIZATION Active immunity vs. passive immunity
What is immunization?
How does it help?

25. TRANSPLANTS 1 MIN TO EXPLAIN…
Blood transfusions
Organ transplants
Bone marrow transplants
Picture taken with a scanning electron microscope of a T cell (right), platelet that helps blood to clot (center) and a red blood cell (left). The bumps on the T cell are T-cell receptors used to fight infections (CDC-Wikimedia).

26. ALLERGIES (AS EXPLAINED BY GROUP 1)

27. AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES (AS EXPLAINED BY GROUP 2) IMMUNODEFICIENCY DISORDERS (AS EXPLAINED BY GROUP 3)
Lupus
Multiple sclerosis
Immunodeficiency disease
HIV

28. TRY THIS #5
Which of the following is true of the successful development of a vaccine to be used against a pathogen?
A) It is dependent on the surface antigens of the pathogen not changing.
B) It requires a rearrangement of the B cell receptor antibodies
C) It is not possible without knowing the structure of the surface antigens on the pathogen.
D) It is dependent on the pathogen having only one epitope.
E) It is dependent on MHC molecules being heterozygous.

29. TRY THIS #6
An immune response to a tissue graft will differ from an immune response to a bacterium because
A) MHC molecules of the donor may stimulate rejection of the graft tissue.
B) The tissue graft, unlike the bacterium, is isolated from the circulation and will not enter into an immune response.
C) a response to the graft will involve T cells and a response to the bacterium will not.
D) a bacterium cannot escape the immune system by replication inside normal body cells.
E) the graft will stimulate an autoimmune response in the recipient.

30. IMMUNE SYSTEM Chapter 43 in Campbell, p. 227-232 in Holtzclaw
You must know:
Several elements of an innate immune response.
The differences between B and T cells relative to their activation and actions.
How antigens are recognized by immune system cells.
The differences in humoral and cell-mediated immunity.
Why helper T cells are central to immune responses.