1. Roots of Democracy
World History

2. Two Categories of Government
Democracy – Government by the people / Decisions made by the people
Autocracy - Government by one person (King / Queen / Emperor / Pharaoh)

3. Decision Making Autocratic or Democratic?
Teacher decides there will be a test on Friday
Group of Friends decide on which movie to go to by discussing three possible movies and voting on which one they want to see.
Fast food Manager decides to give workers a dollar per hour raise

4. Autocratic or Democratic?
Parents listen to daughter complain about staying out late and decide to let child stay out 1 hour later.
Parents allow all 3 children to choose (vote) what vacation to go on.
Mayor, elected by citizens, decides to build a new city hall
Citizens voted in favor of a city tax measure to increase funding to schools

5. Autocratic Advantages
Efficient
Order
Changes can Happen Quickly

6. Autocratic Disadvantages
Needs a Strong Leader
Decisions may not be interest of everyone
Too much power leads to corruption

7. Democratic Advantages
Everyone has a say
Corruption more difficult
Power too diffuse

8. Democratic Disadvantages
Messy, takes time
Sometimes hard to make difficult decisions
Need an Educated Citizenry

9. Autocratic forms of Government
Theocracy
Monarchy
Tyranny
Oligarchy
Aristocracy

10. Democratic forms of Government
Direct Democracy
Republic
Parliamentary System
Constitutional Monarchy

11. Anarchy
Total Lack of Government (State of Nature)
No Rules, No Leaders

12. Rule by the masses/people
Democracy
Rule by the masses/people
No Leader All Decisions made by the community
Created in ancient Athens
True Democracies only work in small groups

13. Rule by People’s Representative Created in Ancient Rome
Republic
Rule by People’s Representative
Created in Ancient Rome
Senator = Representative

14. Leader: The Priest or Main Religious Figure
Theocracy
Rule by Religion
Leader: The Priest or Main Religious Figure
Examples: Ancient Egypt, Modern Iran, Vatican City

15. ????????
What would be some problems with having government based on a single religion?

16. Monarchy
Rule by a single leader, typically claims Divine Right

17. Rule by a few individuals
Oligarchy
Rule by a few individuals

18. Aristocracy
Rule by the Wealthy

19. Athenian Democracy (Solon, Cliesthenese, and Pericles)

20. Athenian Democracy (Solon, Cleisthenese, and Pericles)
Greek Leader
Contribution to Democracy
Solon
Cliesthenese
Pericles

21. Solon Outlawed Slavery 4 Classes based on Wealth not Heredity
Only 3 Higher classes were able to hold public office
Fairer code of laws
Despite reforms Athens continued to be an autocracy

22. Cleisthenese Reorganized Assembly
Allowed all citizens to submit laws for debate and passage
Created Council of 400
Advised Assembly
Seen as Founder of Greek Democracy

23. Pericles Led Athens in Golden Age 461-429 B.C
Established Direct Democracy
Increased number of public officials
Poorer citizens were able to participate

24. Greek Philosophy Greek Thinkers Assumptions
1.Universe is orderly
2.People can understand order of universe
Respect for Human Intelligence and Reason allowed Democracy to flourish

25. Aristotle vs. Plato Plato Aristotle Major Works Beliefs about Man
Beliefs about Government
Beliefs about democracy
Summary of Primary Source

26. Plato “The Republic” Rule of Philosopher Kings
Democracy = Rule of the Appetites
Aristocracy= Rule of the Rich

27. Aristotle “Politics” Man is by nature political
Legitimate Government- common good
Tyranny?, Democracy?
Constitutional Government

28. Roman Republic Roman Society was made of Plebians and Patricians
Rome’s Republic
Senate
2 Consuls
Assembly
Dictator

29. Roman Law Twelve Tables step toward fair government
Complied into “Justinian Code”
“government of laws not men”

30. Judaism Hebrew’s Monotheism -Created in God’s image, live moral lives
- “Divine Spark”
- God Given Rights, Freedom
Commandments
- Ethical vs. Legal Code

31. Christianity Jesus of Nazareth
- emphasized morality equality and compassion
- spread of Judeo-Christian ideas through Roman Empire

32. Islam/muslim Muhammad 600ce Allah
Brotherhood and dignity of all people
Charity
Leaders have to obey same laws as those they ruled

33. Legacy of Monotheism Duty to to combat oppression Worth of individual
= of people before God

34. Renaissance Renewed interest in Classical Culture Humanism
Italian vs. Northern Renaissance
Spread of Ideas through Printing Press
Rebirth- old monuments art - greek and roman books-
Eathly life for it’s own sake

35. Leonardo Da Vinci

36. Leonardo Da Vinci

37. Leonardo Da Vinci

38. Raphael Sanzio

39. Francesco Petrarch

40. Niccolo Machiavelli

41. Albrecht Durer

42. Jan Van Eyck

43. Pieter Bruegel

44. William Shakespeare

45. Reformation Martin Luther’s 95 Theses England’s Protestant Revolution
indulgences
Individuality and freedom from Church
Bible alone
Faith alone
Priesthood of all believers
England’s Protestant Revolution
Calvinism
Catholic Reformation
People could make their own jusdgemtns and
Religion private matter
Interpret bible for self

46. Legacy of Ren and Ref
Growth of democracy by challenging monarchs and popes.
Ind important

47. England’s Medieval Democratic Developments
Henry II
Jury System
Common law
precedents
King John-
Magna Carta (Great Charter)
Contract between King and Nobles
Limited the power of the king
Governance according to law-not anyway they choose
Due Process of Law
Consent of Governed (Parliament)
Power of purse

48. England’s Civil War King James I and Divine Right
Star chamber-royal court
Power comes form God t/f absolute

49. James I [r. 1603-1625] I’s speech to the House of Commons:
I am surprised that my ancestors should ever be permitted such an institution (parliament)to come into existence. I am a stranger, and found it here when I arrived, so that I am obliged to put up with what I cannot get rid of!

50. King James Bible, 1611

51. Charles I [r. 1625-1649] Charles I and the Petition of Right
Needs money to fight Scots
Petition of Right
No taxes w/o Parliament
No imprisoning prisioners
Housing troops in homes
Maintaining military during peacetimes

52. Charles I by Van Dyck (1633)

53. The Many Faces of Charles I

54. “The Stuart Magna Carta”
The Petition of Rights, 1628
“The Stuart Magna Carta”

55. Royalists (Cavaliers) Parliamentarians (Roundheads)
Civil War ( )
Royalists (Cavaliers)
Parliamentarians (Roundheads)
House of Lords
Aristocracy
Large landowners
Church officials
More rural, less prosperous
House of Commons
Puritans
Merchants
Townspeople
More urban , more prosperous

56. The Beheading of Charles I, 1649

57. Oliver Cromwell [1599-1658] The Commonwealth (Republic) (1649-1653)
The Protectorate ( )

58. England’s Glorious Revolution
Cromwell first establishes a commonwealth
Cromwell tears up constitution and becomes Lord Protectorate
Puritan Morality

59. Oliver Cromwell [1599-1658] The “Interregnum” Period [1649-1660]
The Commonwealth (Republic)
( )
The Protectorate ( )

60. King Charles II [r. 1660-1685] Parliament retains power
Restored the theaters and reopened the pubs and brothels closed during the Restoration.
Favored religious toleration.
Realized that he could not repeat the mistakes his father had made.
Habeas Corpus
Had charm, poise, & political skills. Had secret Catholic sympathies.
Hab corpus- produce the body- accused with evidence

61. King James II [r ]
Was a bigoted convert to Catholicism without any of Charles II’s shrewdness or ability to compromise.
Divine right
Provoked the revolution that Charles II had succeeded in avoiding!
Produces son
Daughter mary is protestant

62. The “Glorious” Revolution: 1688
Whig & Tory leaders offered the throne jointly to James II’s daughter Mary [raised a Protestant] & her husband, William of Orange.
He was a vigorous enemy of Louis XIV.
He was seen as a champion of the Protestant cause.

63. English Bill of Rights [1689]
It settled all of the major issues between King & Parliament.
It served as a model for the U. S. Bill of Rights.
It also formed a base for the steady expansion of civil liberties in the 18c and early 19c in England.

64. English Bill of Rights [1689]
Main provisions:
The King could not suspend the operation of laws.
The King could not interfere with the ordinary course of justice.
No taxes levied or standard army maintained in peacetime without Parliament’s consent.
Freedom of speech in Parliament.
Sessions of Parliament would be held frequently.
Subjects had the right of bail, petition, and freedom from excessive fines and cruel and unusual punishment.
The monarch must be a Protestant.
Freedom from arbitrary arrest.
Censorship of the press was dropped.
Religious toleration.

65. Legacy Rule of law Parliamentary rule Ind rights
Constitutional monarchy

66. The Age of Reason & Enlightenment

67. Enlightenment
Bringing the light of knowledge to their ignorant fellow creatures.
What is the meaning of life, God, human nature, good and evil, and cause and effect

68. Traditions and Superstitions
The “Great Debate”
Reason & Logic
Traditions and Superstitions
rationalism
empiricism
tolerance
skepticism
Deism
nostalgia for the past
organized religions
irrationalism
emotionalism