1. AP Exam Personality (5–7%)
In this section of the course, students explore major theories of how humans develop enduring patterns of behavior and personal characteristics that influence how others relate to them. The unit also addresses research methods used to assess personality.
AP students in psychology should be able to do the following:
• Compare and contrast the major theories and approaches to explaining personality (e.g., psychoanalytic, humanist, cognitive, trait, social cognition, behavioral)
• Describe and compare research methods (e.g., case studies and surveys) that psychologists use to investigate personality.
Identify frequently used assessment strategies (e.g., the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory [MMPI], the Thematic Apperception Test [TAT]), and evaluate relative test quality based on reliability and validity of the instruments.
• Speculate how cultural context can facilitate or constrain personality development, especially as it relates to self-concept (e.g., collectivistic versus individualistic cultures).
• Identify key contributors to personality theory (e.g., Alfred Adler, Albert Bandura, Paul Costa and Robert McCrae, Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers).

2. What is Personality 3 components
“Unique & consistent pattern of behavior, thinking, and feeling that makes up an individual”
Personality theorists study the whole person and address fundamental issues of human nature & individual differences
3 components
Distinctiveness or uniqueness of character
Enduring behavior patterns
Organization of individuality
Personality Analysis – read SILENTLY…NO SHARING, LOOKING, etc.- this is only for you!
Rate my accuracy: 5 “spot on” “dead wrong”

3. Barnum Effect “Something for everyone” P.T. Barnum – circus
people's tendency to believe that vague, stock descriptions of personality actually fit themselves
Give everyone the same analysis and you’re all apt to believe it
Personality tests, horoscopes, palm readers, mind readers, fortune tellers, etc.
Advice: “Self-validation is no validation.”

4. FREUDIAN PREZI

5. FRQ practice – 5 minutes
Jaleel is walking along the beach when he notices something sticking out of the sand. As he investigates, he is delighted to discover that it’s a buried treasure! He opens up the chest to find one million dollars in gold. There’s also a note that reads, “Dear Christopher: Enclosed is my life savings. I hope it is enough to help treat your disease. Love, Grandpa”. How would Jaleel’s id and ego respond in this situation? (Define and apply)

6. Example Answer
Id is your pleasure principle in your unconscious. Jaleel’s Id would respond by telling him to keep the money, because every wishful impulse should be satisfied immediately, regardless of the consequences. The ego is your reality principle working out realistic ways of satisfying the id’s demands, often compromising or postponing satisfaction to avoid negative consequences of society. The ego would respond by stating that keeping the money is okay if no one knows (giving in to the ID) that I was the one that dug it up or not keeping the money, because you don’t want to get in trouble with the law (giving in to the superego)

7. Psychosexual Stages of Development

8. Assessing the Unconscious
Projective Test
A personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
Their answers reveal the Manifest content.
They can then discover the Latent Content.

9. Assessing the Unconscious--TAT

11. Assessing the Unconscious
Rorschach Inkblot Test
the most widely used projective test
a set of 10 inkblots designed by Hermann Rorschach
seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots

12. Assessing the Unconscious--Rorschach

14. What did you see in picture?
This is a black and white card, often described as looking like a mask or the face of a fox or wolf.

15. Neo-Freudian Psychodynamic Theorists
Unconscious still emphasized, but conscious thought, too
lessen sex & aggression as main tensions, instead social tensions
Stable personality traits start in childhood and do play part in later relationships
Mental representations of self affect, social interactions & psychological symptoms
Personality develops not just from sexual or aggressive impulses – move from immature→ social dependence → independence

16. Neo-Freudians
Freud was a controversial figure, and many of his colleagues broke away from his view, but still maintained a psychodynamic aspect to their theories
Alfred Adler
importance of childhood social tension
Inferiority complex
Karen Horney
Childhood anxiety caused by a sense of helplessness
Balanced out male-dominance in Freud’s theory
 Carl Jung
Unconscious contains two parts…
Personal unconscious
Collective unconscious
Archetypes -- universal, symbolic images that appear in myths, art, stories and dreams

17. Alfred Adler ( )
Birth Order

18. Adler’s Individual Psychology
Claims that human personality is defined through striving for superiority (adapt, improve oneself, to master life’s challenges)
A healthy personality strives for superiority
We all use compensation (efforts to overcome imagined or real inferiorities), but sometimes one develops an inferiority complex (exaggerated feelings of weakness and inadequacy)

19. Inferiority Complex Negatively affects personality
People with a complex work to achieve status, gain power over others, and acquire “illusions” of success (fancy clothes, impressive cars)
Tend to flaunt success in an effort to cover up their complex

20. Karen Horney (Horn-eye)
Never a follower of Freud strongly objected to his view that women were dependent, vain, and submissive because of biological forces and childhood sexual experiences.
She especially took issue with Freud’s idea that penis envy and believed there is an actual “womb envy”.
Horney insisted that he major influence on personality development can be found in child-parent social interaction.

21. Carl Jung
Carl Jung: believed the collective unconscious (not sex) to be the basic force in the development of personality.
The collective unconscious, according to Jung, consists of ancient memory traces and symbols that are passed on by birth and are shared by all peoples in all cultures.

22. The persona is how we present ourselves to the world.
Jung identified four major archetypes, but also believed that there was no limit to the number that may exist.
The self is an archetype that represents the unification of the unconsciousness and consciousness of an individual.
The shadow is an archetype that consists of the sex and life instincts.
The anima is a feminine image in the male psyche, and the animus is a male image in the female psyche.
The persona is how we present ourselves to the world.  

24. Criticism of Freud
While Freud is still wildly popular in media and culture, it has lost most of it support in the psychology field.
Many Freudian concepts (libido, repression) are vague
The focus is on retrospective explanation
Only looks back, doesn’t give credit to the present or future
No thought given to women
The unconscious mind is not as smart/purposeful as Freud would like us to believe