1. AP Psychology Review

2. Content Percentages on Test
2-4% history and approaches
8-10% research methods
8-10% biological bases of behavior
6-8% sensation and perception
2-4% states of consciousness
7-9% learning
8-10% cognition
6-8% motivation and emotion
7-9% developmental psychology
5-7% personality
5-7% testing and individual differences
8-10% Social psychology

3. Use process of elimination in MC
Test Tips
No penalty for wrong answers, only credit for correct answers. Leave none blank!
Use process of elimination in MC
FRQ- Read twice- underline key elements of dirctions.
Use simple language, explain how the term relates back to the question.

4. Know your Perspectives!!
Behavioral Psychology
Psychoanalytic
Humanistic
Biological
Evolutionary
Cognitive
Socio-cultural
An eclectic approach….

5. Research Correlation vs. Exp. IV vs. DV Exp. vs. control group
Random Sample / Random Assignment
Confounding Variables
Controls (placebo effect)
Op. Def. of Variables
Correlation Coefficient
Measures of Central Tendencies
Measures of variability
Scatter Plot
Statistical Significance
Bell Curve
Valid, Reliable
Replication
Statistical Significance
APA guidelines

6. Neurobiology
Neurotransmission(parts, action/resting potential, all-or-none, refractory period, reuptake, synapse)
Sensory / Motor neurons / Interneurons
Nervous System (CNS, PNS)
Endocrine System
Parts of Brain
Brain hemispheres
Brain imaging
Plasticity
Aphasia vs. Agnosia
Split-Brain

7. Sensation & Perception
Bottom Up / top Down
Absolute Threshold
JND / Weber’s Law
Trichromatic v. Opponent Process (theories on color)
Feature Detection (H&W)
Eye / Ear
Audition / Olfaction
Hue, pitch, intensity, amplitude
Place v. Frequency theory
Vestibular Sense
Kinesthesis
Sensory Adaptation
Gestalt
Binocular Cues
Monocular Cues
Perceptual Set
Selective Attention
Size / Color Constancy

8. States of Consciousness / Personality
Sleep stages
Sleep Disorders
Activation Synthesis v. Information Processing
Lucid Dreaming
Hypnosis
Post-Hypnotic Suggestion
Hidden Observer Response
Dissociation
Drugs: Withdraw, tolerance, Depressants, stimulants, hallucinagens
Personality
Psychoanalysis / Freud
Psychodynamic
Projective Tests
Humanistic
Trait (Meyers Briggs, Eyensecnk, Big 5, MMPI)
Social-Cognitive
Albert Bandura (Reciprocal Determinism)
Aaron Beck

9. Learning / Memory
Pavlov= Classical (acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, higher order, generalization, discrimination)
Watson= Aversive
Skinner= Operant
Skinner Box
Thorndike: Law of Effect
Latent learning
Bandura
Observational /social
modeling
Encoding, Storage, Retrieval
Three Stage Processing Theory
Iconic v. Ehoic
Short-term = working memory
LTP Theory
Explicit v. Implicit
Amnesia (types)
Interference (types)

10. Cognition/ Language Concept / Prototype Availability Heuristic Insight
Representative Heuristic
Availability Heuristic
Insight
Trial and Error
Algorithm
Obstacles to Problem solving (Belief bias, perseverance, confirmation bias, mental set, mental rigidity, functional fixedness
Phonemes v. Morphemes
Linguistic Determinism
Syntax v. Semantics
Deep structure
Chomsky = nature
Critical period / LAD
Skinner = nurture
Observation, association, reinforcement

11. Testing / Intelligence
Stanford-Binet IQ = MA / CA x 100 ( avg=100, SD=15)
Standardized Testing
Reliability / Validity
Pilot / norms of achievement
Achievement v. Aptitude
Savant Syndrome
Flynn Effect
Bell Curve
Factor Analysis
Theorists
Spearman- G Factor / Factor analysis
Gardner: Mult. Intelligences
Goleman- EQ
Sternberg: Triarchic theory (analytical, creative, practical)

12. Developmental Psych Teratogens Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Theorists Piaget
Attachment (imprinting)
Critical Period
Habituation
Heritability
Maturation
Menarche / Menopause
Longitudinal v. cross-sectional
Fluid v. Crystallized
Parenting styles
Gender identity, role, typing
Theorists
Piaget
Kohlberg
Gilligan
Erikson
Harlow

13. Motivation / Emotion Drive-Reduction Arousal Incentive
Homeostasis
Push / pull factors
Arousal
Incentive
Maslow’s Hierarchy
Hunger
Lateral v. Ventromedial Hypothalamus
Set Point / BMR
Anorexia / Bulimia Nervosa
Sexual Motivation (Innitial excitement, plateau phase, orgasm, resolution)
Achievement Motivation
Theory X vs. Y
Emotions
Facial expressions = universal
Catharsis
Feel good-do good
James Lange theory
Cannon-Bard Theory
Schacter’s Two-Factor theory

14. Stress Type A personality Type B personality
Type A + negative anger = heart disease
Seyle’s General Adaptation Syndrome
Alarm, resistance, exhaustion
Holmes and Rahe: Social Readjustment Rating Scale (numerical value on stress)

15. Abnormal Psychology DSM V & changes Psychiatrist v. Psychologist
2 weeks
Neuroticism (neurosis)
Psychotic (psychosis)
Delusions / Hallucinations
Disorders
Anxiety
Mood Disorders
Somatic Symptoms
Dissociative
Schizophrenia
Personality Disorders

16. Types of Therapy Psychoanalysis Humanistic Behavioral Cognitive
Key Figures / Terms Freud: Free association, dream analysis Resistance/Transference (talking therapy Rogers: Client-centered, UPR, Non-directive, active listening Classical / Operant conditioningCounter-conditioning, Systematic desensitization, flooding, aversive conditioning, modeling REBT, Aaron Beck’s Cognitive Triad, Rotter’s Internal v. External locus George Kelley: Personal Constructs Drug therapy: (somatic therapy) review specific drug treatments
Types of Therapy
Psychoanalysis
Humanistic
Behavioral
Cognitive
Biomedical
Eclectic approach!

17. Depression Serotonin Seligman’s learned helplessness
Beck’s cognitive triad
Explanatory Style

18. Social Psych Cognitive Dissonance Deindivuation Group Polarization
Foot in door / Door in Face
Central / Peripheral R of P
Attribution Theory
Fundamental Attribution Theory
Just-World Belief
Frustration-Aggression Theory
By-stander Effect
Social Facilitation
Social Loafing
Deindivuation
Group Polarization
Group Think
Milgram Experiment
Robber’s Cave
Asch Experiment
Stanford Prison Experiment

19. Theorists Developmental Psych Piaget: Cognitive
Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, Formal Operational
Kohlberg: Moral
Preconventional, Conventional, Postconventional
Erikson: Social (8 stages)
Harlow: Touch and attachment
Ainsworth: Secure, insecure attachment (Anxious-ambivalent / Avoidant)

20. Theorists Formation of Personality
Freud: Psychosexual Stages / Unconscious
Adler, Jung: Psychodynamic
Humanistic perspective
Carl Rogers: UPR,
Maslow: Self-actualization
Trait Perspective (genes form personality)
Personality Inventories (Myers Briggs etc.)
Social Cognitive
Bandura: Reciprocal Determinism, self-efficacy
Julian Rotter: Locus of control
George Kelley: Personal constructs
Aaron Beck: Cognitive Triad

21. Theorists Intelligence Spearman Gardner: Multiple Intelligences (8)
Factor Analysis / G Factor
Gardner: Multiple Intelligences (8)
Howard Gardner: EQ (Emotional intelligence)
Sternberg: Triarchic theory (analytical, creative, practical)

22. Theorists Therapy Psychoanalysis (Unconscious) Humanistic
Rogers: UPR, Active listening, non-directive
Maslow: self-actualization, self-concept
Gestalt: whole body
Behavioral
Systematic Desensitization
Exposure
Aversive Conditioning
Cognitive
Julian Rotter: locus of control / Seligman: LH
Beck: Cognitive Triad / Bandura: Self-efficacy