1. What is the difference between event and time sampling in an observational study?

2. How scientific is biological psychology?

3. What are the practical justifications for using animals in psychological studies?

4. Describe three ways that cognitive psychology has been applied to real-life problems.

5. How can social psychology be used for social control?

6. What do we mean by ‘socially sensitive research’?

7. How does social impact theory explain obedience?

8. Give three conclusions of Sherif et al (1954)

9. What does a measure of dispersion tell you?

10. Why might a researcher prefer using a structured interview?

11. What are three ethical problems with Milgram’s obedience studies?

12. Is it true that authoritarianism makes a person more prejudiced?

13. Why should we not refer to Sebastian & Hernandez-Gil (2012) as an experiment?

14. Which working memory components are involved in following a set of directions someone has given you?

15. Why is the standard deviation a better measure of dispersion than the range?

16. Explain how you could shape the behaviour of a dog to use a pedal bin.

17. Explain two reasons why you cannot draw causal conclusions from a correlational study.

18. What is your key question for learning theory?

19. How true is it that cognitive psychology cannot be used for social control?

20. Give two reasons why it is unwise to rely on case studies of brain injury patients to evaluate models of memory.

21. How can we reduce socially desirable response bias?

22. When would it be better to use a fMRI scan than a PET scan?

23. How does Bateson’s cube help researchers decide whether an animal study is justified.

24. What is spontaneous recovery?

25. How has cognitive psychology developed since the 1960s?

26. How might testosterone be involved in aggression?

27. When would it be appropriate to use a Mann-Whitney U test?

28. What evidence is there that testosterone does not directly influence aggression?

29. What ethical issues might be raised by a covert observational study?

30. What are the strengths of Bandura’s studies?

31. Describe the process of neural transmission.

32. Give an example of socially sensitive research in cognitive psychology.

33. What effect do situational factors have on prejudice?

34. Give a similarity and a difference between questionnaires and interviews.

35. Why does reducing prejudice matter for society?

36. Is social psychology reductionist?

37. Give two reasons why it is reasonable to generalise from animals to humans in biopsychological research.

38. What is dissent?

39. How does social identity theory explain prejudice?

40. When would it be appropriate to use a Wilcoxon Sign Ranks test?

41. What is an order effect and what should you do about them?

42. Explain one reason why methadone therapy should be used with drug addicts.

43. Explain three ethical issues raised by Raine et al (1997)

44. How scientific is social psychology?

45. Explain a strength and a weakness of Raine et al (1997).

46. What do we mean by controlling a variable?

47. Explain three reasons why social psychology might not be considered scientific.

48. Give a similarity and a difference between social identity theory and realistic conflict theory.

49. When would it be appropriate to use a Chi Squared test?

50. How do we know that there are different types of LTM?

51. What practical problems are raised by using brain scanning in psychological research?

52. Explain a similarity and a difference between the working memory model and the multistore model.

53. When would you use a one-tailed test?

54. In Raine et al (1997), what was the continuous performance task?

55. Are some cultures more obedient than others?

56. What is an independent variable?

57. Give a strength and a weakness of the working memory model.

58. Is obedience a question of nature or nurture?

59. How does Milner et al’s (1968) case study of HM both support and challenge the multistore model?

60. Give two practical reasons for using animals in Pavlov’s studies.

61. In what ways is biopsychology reductionist?

62. On what grounds could watson and Rayner (1920) be said to be unethical?

63. How much does personality affect prejudice?

64. What are the three stages of systematic desensitisation?

65. How do the three components of the multistore model differ from each other?

66. How far would learning theory and biopsychology agree about the causes of gender differences?

67. How has obedience research developed since Milgram’s studies?

68. What guidance does the BPS give about using animals in psychological research?

69. What precautionary control must you always use when using independent groups?

70. If you recruit people by going up to them at random, have you got a random sample?

71. Outline a biopsychological and a learning theory explanation for gender differences in aggression.

72. How did Baddeley (1966) operationalise memory?

73. What does an experiment tell you that a correlational study doesn’t?

74. How can social psychology be used for social control?

75. What has brain scanning shown is about the causes of aggression?

76. Describe the structure of a neuron.

77. How far can we say that aggression is genetic?

78. Can social psychology make society better?

79. What does a correlational study tell you that an experimental study doesn’t?

80. How does learning theory explain the acquisition and maintenance of phobias?

81. Describe the process of classical conditioning.

82. Give a similarity and a difference between positive and negative reinforcement.

83. Why did people stop being behaviourists?

84. What is the difference between methodological and philosophical reductionism?

85. How is an adoption study done?

86. Why do cognitive psychologists have relatively little to day about gender and culture?

87. What would Skinner say about the introduction of ‘social credit’ in China?

88. Explain two examples of socially sensitive research in social psychology.

89. Why should we be cautious in drawing conclusions from case studies on brain injury in biopsychology?

90. Why do some people get worried when biopsychology tries to explain cultural differences?

91. Why is treating phobias an important issue for society?

92. Explain two problems with doing qualitative analysis of data.

93. What is the difference between an alternative and a null hypothesis?

94. What has been the most important innovation in biological psychology
What has been the most important innovation in biological psychology? Why?

95. How does realistic conflict theory explain prejudice?

96. How far does Raine et al (1997) support a ‘nature’ position?

97. In the era of brain scanning, why do some biopsychologists still use animals in their research?

98. Outline two ways that people with dyslexia can be supported.

99. What was the correlation coefficient in your biopsychology practical investigation?

100. How far doe Burger (2009) support Milgram’s original conclusions.

101. What are the arguments for avoiding socially sensitive topics in psychology?

102. Explain how you could improve the validity of your biopsychology practical investigation.

103. What are the moral objections to using animals in psychological research?

104. What sorts of ethical issues are raised by case studies of brain injury patients?

105. Why is drug addiction an issue for society?

106. Apart from drugs, how might biopsychology be used for social control?

107. What is your key question for social psychology?

108. What precautionary control must you always use when using repeated measures?

109. In what ways could social psychological research become socially sensitive?

110. Explain the existence of the reminiscence bump.

111. Outline the role of two brain structures in aggressive behaviour.

112. What provisions are made by the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act?

113. What are the arguments for choosing either participant or non-participant observation?

114. Outline Pavlov’s (1927) findings.

115. What are the strength and weaknesses of stratified sampling?

116. Why is dyslexia more common England and less common in Japan?

117. Outline the process of operant conditioning.

118. What is your key question for biological psychology?

119. What are the strengths and weaknesses of opportunity sampling?

120. Why, when we taught you to justify statistical test choice, did we insist on your using the phrase ‘at least ordinal’ data?

121. Describe Milgram’s (1963) basic procedure.

122. What was the procedure of your social psychology practical?

123. Give three reasons why children’s working memory gets better as they get older.

124. How scientific is learning theory?

125. Describe an example of methodological reductionism in cognitive psychology.

126. Some people say that biopsychology has no useful practical applications. Explain why they are wrong.

127. Explain the differences between experimental and correlational studies.

128. What are the scientific arguments against using animals in psychological research?

129. Name four neurotransmitters.

130. Describe the structure of a synapse.

131. Which is more reductionist, cognitive psychology or biopsychology? Why?

132. What are the strengths and weaknesses of random sampling?

133. How does the situation affect dissent?

134. When would it be better to use a PET scan than a fMRI scan?

135. If the result is p>0.05 what should you do?

136. Give three reasons for infantile amnesia.

137. How does gender affect dissent?

138. What is meant by selective attrition in a psychological study?

139. What is extinction in classical conditioning?

140. Describe the procedure of Watson and Rayner (1920).

141. Explain how biopsychological research can be socially sensitive.

142. What is a dependent variable?

143. List four situational factors that affect obedience.

144. Give a similarity and a difference between neural and synaptic transmission.

145. Describe an example of philosophical reductionism in cognitive psychology.

146. Describe the steps involved in doing a content analysis.

147. If the result is p<0.05, what should you do?

148. Give a similarity and a difference between structured and unstructured interviews.

149. Describe what we have learned from three twin studies of human behaviour.

150. If a behaviour does not differ in relation to culture, what conclusion would a biopsychologist draw?

151. What are the arguments for and against using biopsychology for social control.

152. Why do Spanish children have shorter digit spans than English children?

153. Outline the ways that hormones can affect human development.

154. Explain a similarity and a difference between the Freudian/psychodynamic explanation of aggression and the biopsychological view.

155. What precautionary control must you always use when using matched participants.

156. What are the three experimental participant designs?

157. Outline the step involved in thematic analysis?

158. How would evolutionary theory explain human aggression?

159. Describe an example of a holistic approach to cognitive psychology.

160. Explain which statistical test use used to analyse the data in your cognitive psychology practical.

161. When would it be better to use a fMRI scan than a CAT scan?

162. Is it true that authoritarianism makes a person more obedient?

163. Describe three procedures used in animal learning studies that could be considered unethical or immoral.

164. What do we mean by a situational variable?

165. How did Sebastian & Hernandez-Gil (2012) measure WM span?

166. Why should the results of twin studies be treated with caution?

167. How is a quantitative observational study done?

168. What are the weaknesses of adoption studies?

169. Which working memory components are involved in working out how many windows your house or flat has?

170. Why do cognitive psychologists insist on using scientific methods?

171. What are the differences between semantic and episodic memory?

172. Explain two ways you could improve your social psychology practical.

173. When are you more likely to make a type 2 error?

174. Outline three reasons why there might be individual differences in memory.

175. Outline an argument for and against generalising to humans from animal learning studies.

176. Why would a person select someone as a model in SLT?

177. Explain how you maximised the reliability of your learning theory practical.

178. Explain the difference between nominal, ordina and interval data.

179. Describe the process of synaptic transmission.

180. Describe the process of social learning.

181. Why do you not need to worry about participant variables when using repeated measures?

182. Explain how the case study of Beth and Jon sheds light on the nature of LTM.

183. Why does treating/supporting people with dyslexia matter for society?

184. Give a strength and a weakness of the multistore model.

185. How is a twin study done?

186. How does the case of KF support Baddeley and Hitch’s working memory model?

187. Give an example of how falsification has led to progress in cognitive psychology.

188. How does a directional hypothesis differ from a non-directional one?

189. Some psychologists say that behaviourism is the most reductionist of all theories. What is their justification?

190. Outline some gender differences in social psychology.

191. Describe the sample in your cognitive psychology practical.

192. Why are social psychologists more worried about ecological validity than cognitive psychologists?

193. Which working memory components are involved in keeping track of how much your shopping will cost?

194. Why do learning theorists use animals more often than cognitive psychologists?

195. List three brain areas in Raine et al (1997) where no differences were found.

196. Explain a strength and a weakness of Baddeley (1966).

197. What is a type 1 error?

198. Explain the difference between negative reiforcement and punishment.

199. How much does culture affect prejudice?

200. In what ways did behaviourism make psychology more scientific?

201. How does agency theory explain obedience?

202. How could evolutionary processes affect human behaviour?

203. What determines whether a behaviour is imitated in SLT?

204. Explain whether Sebastian & Hernandez-Gil (2012) had a representative sample.

205. Why does having high levels of control increade the replicability of a study?

206. How might researcher effects influence self-report data?

207. How would learning theory and biopsychology explain cultural differences?

208. What was the rationale for the hypothesis in your cognitive practical?

209. State the alternative and null hypotheses for your biopsychology practical investigation.

210. Describe the sample in Raine et al (1997).

211. Why is it wrong to say that Raine et al (1997) supports a ‘nature’ view of aggression?

212. Where do learning theory and social psychology fall in relation to the nature nurture debate?

213. When would a research not use the mean as their measure of central tendency?

214. What were the IVs in Baddeley (1966)?

215. Is it possible to reduce prejudice using psychology?

216. Describe three ways in which Burger (2009) adpated Milgram’s procedures.

217. Why do you have a control group in an experiment?

218. How did Pavlov (1927) measure salivation?

219. What are the strengths and weaknesses of volunteer sampling?

220. Find the median of 45,78,92,14,86,30,45,29

221. Some people say that social learning theory is just a branch of cognitive psychology nowadays. Why?

222. Why are drugs addictive?

223. Why does having high levels of control increase the internal validity of an experiment?

224. Explain how two recreational drugs affect brain functioning.

225. Describe how you analysed the quantitative data in your learning theory practical.

226. Explain how a drug can be used to treat drug addiction.

227. According to learning theory, why are people different from each other?

228. How can we increase the validity of an overt observational study?

229. When would it be better to use a CAT scan than a FMRI scan?

230. What are the four lobes of the cerebral cortex?

231. Explain two weaknesses of your cognitive psychology practical.

232. Explain a strength and a weakness of Sherif et al (1954)

233. How should you deal with participant variables when using independent groups?

234. Skinner wanted to develop a ‘technology of behaviour’
Skinner wanted to develop a ‘technology of behaviour’. What does this mean?

235. What is predictive validity?

236. Explain why some people think you can’t have high generalisability and high internal validity in the same study.

237. Describe the differences between Bandura (1961) and Bandura (1965).

238. What are the arguments for and against airlines offering systematic desensitisation for fear of flying?

239. What are the arguments for doing socially sensitive research in learning theory?

240. Describe the trend in working memory development over the lifespan.

241. Describe the steps involved in doing a thematic analysis.

242. Describe how you collected quantitative and qualitative data for your learning theory practical.

243. Describe two conclusions from Brendgen et al (2005).

244. How scientific is cognitive psychology?

245. What are the main features of a science?

246. Give two examples of how gender is relevant to cognitive psychology.

247. Give one similarity and one difference between agency theory and social impact theory.

248. Is is right to use reinforcement and punishment to shape behaviour in schools?

249. Outline three results from Brendgen et al (2005).

250. Does training people’s working memory help with dyslexia?

251. If you find that MZ concordance is greater than MZ concordance, what does that tell you?

252. How effective is systematic desentitisation for phobias?

253. What is autobiographical memory?

254. Describe the results of an adoption study.

255. Which is more scientific, learning theory or biopsychology? Why?

256. What are the weaknesses of Bandura’s studies?

257. What are the characteristics of the authoritarian personality?

258. Describe the main features of dyslexia.

259. Why do Spanish children have shorter digit spans than English ones?

260. In what ways might the use of systematic desensitisation be considered socially sensitive?

261. Watson & Rayner claimed their study demonstrated classical conditioning in humans. Give two grounds on which the validity of this conclusion could be disputed.

262. What were the results of Milgram’s variations 10 (rundown office), 7 (telephone instructions) and 13 (ordinary man)?

263. What were the results of your social psychology practical?

264. How does culture affect dissent?

265. How does working memory theory explain dyslexia?

266. What are the components of working memory, according to Baddeley and Hitch (1974).

267. What is your key question for cognitive psychology?

268. Explain one reason why methadone therapy should not be used with drug addicts.

269. What roles are given by nature and nurture in cognitive psychology?

270. When would it be appropriate to use a Spearman’s Rho test?