1. David M. Kroenke and David J
David M. Kroenke and David J. Auer Database Processing: Fundamentals, Design, and Implementation
Chapter One:
Introduction

2. Chapter Objectives
To understand the importance of databases in Internet Web applications and smartphone apps
To understand the nature and characteristics of databases
To survey some important and interesting database applications
To gain a general understanding of tables and relationships
To describe the components of a Microsoft Access database system and explain the functions they perform
To describe the components of an enterprise-class database system and explain the functions they perform
KROENKE AND AUER - DATABASE PROCESSING, 14th Edition © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

3. Chapter Objectives
To define the term database management system (DBMS) and describe the functions of a DBMS
To define the term database and describe what is contained within the database
To define the term metadata and provide examples of metadata
To define and understand database design from existing data
To define and understand database design as new systems development
To define and understand database design in database redesign
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4. Chapter Objectives
To understand the history and development of database processing
KROENKE AND AUER - DATABASE PROCESSING, 14th Edition © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

5. How Did We Get Here? The Internet World I
Personal Computers
1977: Apple II
1981: IBM PC
Local Area Networks
Ethernet networking technology
Early 1970s: Xerox Palo Alto Research Center
1893: US National Standard
The Personal Computer (PC) became widely available with the introduction of the Apple II in 1977 and the IBM Personal Computer (IBM PC) in PCs were networked into Local Area Networks (LANs) using the Ethernet networking technology which was developed at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center in the early 1970’s and adopted as a national standard in 1983.
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6. How Did We Get Here? The Internet World II
1969: ARPANET
World Wide Web (WWW)
1993: First Web browser (Netscape) available
Mid 1990’s: Online retail sites
1995: Amazon.com
Early 2000’s: Web 2.0
The Internet—the global computer network of networks—was created as the ARPANET in 1969, and then grew and was used to connect all the LANs (and other types of networks).
The Internet became widely known and used when the World Wide Web (also referred to as the Web and WWW) became easily accessible in 1993.
Everyone got a computer software application called a Web browser and starting browsing to Web sites.
Online retail Web sites such as Amazon.com (online since 1995) and “brick-and-mortar” stores with an online presence such as Best Buy appeared, and people started extensively shopping online.
In the early 2000s, Web 2.0 Web sites started to appear—Web sites that allowed users to add content to Web sites that had previously held static content. Web applications such as Facebook, Wikipedia, and Twitter appeared and flourished.
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7. Databases in the Internet and Mobile Device World
Databases are important because they are everywhere and are used daily:
Facebook
Posts
Likes
Twitter
Tweets
Online shopping
Amazon.com - [Do an actual search]
The simple fact is that without databases, we could not have the ubiquitous Web applications and apps that are currently used by so many people.
It is much more effective to see this process then to just read about it. Take a minute, open a Web browser and go to Amazon.com (or any other online retailer, such as Best Buy, Crutchfield, or REI). Search for something you are interested in, and watch the database search results be displayed for you. You just used a database.
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8. How Did We Get Here? The Smartphone World
Mid 1970s: Mobile Phone (Cell Phone)
Smartphone
2007: Apple iPhone
2008: Google Android Operating System
Tablets
2010: Apple iPad
Apps
In a parallel development, the mobile phone or cell phone was demonstrated and developed for commercial use in the 1970s.
After decades of mobile phone and cell phone network infrastructure development, the smartphone appeared.
Apple brought out the iPhone in Google created the Android operating system, and the first Android based smartphone entered the market in 2008.
Seven years later, in 2015, smartphones and tablet computers (tablets) are widely used, and thousands of application programs known as apps are widely available and in daily use.
Most Web applications now have corresponding smartphone and tablet apps (you can “tweet” from either your computer or your smartphone)!
KROENKE AND AUER - DATABASE PROCESSING, 14th Edition © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

9. The Internet and Mobile Device World Client-Server Architecture
The use of databases by Web applications and smartphone apps is illustrated here. In this figure, people have computers (desktop or notebook) and smartphones, which are examples of devices used by people, who are referred to as users. On these devices are client applications (Web browsers, apps) used by people to obtain services such are searching, browsing, on-line purchasing, and tweeting over the Internet or cell phone networks. These services are provided by server computers, and these are the computers that hold the databases containing the data needed by the client applications.
This structure is known as client-server architecture, and it supports most of the Web applications in use today.
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10. The Characteristics of Databases
The purpose of a database is to help people track things of interest to them.
Data is stored in tables, which have rows and columns like a spreadsheet. A database may have multiple tables, where each table stores data about a different thing.
Each row in a table stores data about an occurrence or instance of the thing of interest.
A database stores data and relationships.
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11. Data in Tables
Note: Harold Wise of East Carolina University contributed material for this slide.
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12. The Key Characteristic of Databases: Related Tables
Note: Harold Wise of East Carolina University contributed material for this slide.
A Composite Key is a primary key that consists of 2 or more attributes that uniquely identify an entity occurrence.
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13. Microsoft Access 2013 Tables and Relationships
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14. Naming Conventions in this Textbook
Table names are written with all capital letters:
STUDENT, CLASS, GRADE, COURSE_INFO
Column names are written with an initial capital letter, and compound names are written with a capital letter on each word:
Term, Section, ClassNumber, StudentName
Note: Harold Wise of East Carolina University contributed material for this slide.
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15. Databases Create Information
Data = recorded facts and figures
Information = knowledge derived from data
Databases record data, but they do so in such a way that we can produce information from the data.
The data on STUDENTs, CLASSes, and GRADEs could produce information about each student’s GPA.
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16. Database Examples
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17. Components of a Database System
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18. Components of a Database System with SQL
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19. Applications, the DBMS, and SQL
Applications are the computer programs that users work with.
The Database Management System (DBMS) creates, processes, and administers databases.
Structured Query Language (SQL) is an internationally recognized standard database language that is used by all commercial DBMSs.
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20. Database Users
Users are differentiated by the way they expect to interact with the system.
Application programmers: interact with system through DML calls.
Specialized users: write specialized database applications that do not fit into the traditional data processing framework
Sophisticated users: form requests in a database query language.
Naive users: invoke one of the permanent application programs that have been written previously
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21. Database Applications
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22. Database Applications
Banking: all transactions
Airlines: reservations, schedules
Universities: registration, grades
Sales: customers, products, purchases
Manufacturing: production, inventory, orders, supply chain
Human resources: employee records, salaries, tax deductions
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23. Database Applications
In the early days, database applications were built on top of file systems
Drawbacks of using file systems to store data:
Data redundancy and inconsistency
Multiple file formats, duplication of information in different files
Difficulty in accessing data
Need to write a new program to carry out each new task
Data isolation — multiple files and formats
Integrity problems
Integrity constraints (e.g. account balance > 0) become part of program code
Hard to add new constraints or change existing ones
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24. DBMS vs File Systems
Database consists of logically related data stored in a single repository
Provides advantages over file system management approach
Eliminates inconsistency, data anomalies, data dependency, and structural dependency problems
Stores data structures, relationships, and access paths
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25. Database Applications—Forms
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26. Database Applications—Queries
SELECT LastName, FirstName, Address
FROM STUDENT
WHERE StudentNumber > 2;
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27. Database—Reports
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28. Components of DBMS Environment
Hardware
PC, workstation, mainframe, a network of computers.
Software
DBMS, operating system, network software (if necessary) and also the application programs.
Data
Used by the organization and a description of this data called the schema.
Procedures
Instructions and rules that should be applied to the design and use of the database and DBMS.
People
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29. Database Management System (DBMS Example)
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30. Typical DBMS Functionality
Define a database : in terms of data types, structures and constraints
Construct or Load the Database on a secondary storage medium
Manipulating the database : querying, generating reports, insertions, deletions and modifications to its content
Concurrent Processing and Sharing by a set of users and programs – yet, keeping all data valid and consistent
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31. Typical DBMS Functionality
Other features:
Protection or Security measures to prevent unauthorized access
“Active” processing to take internal actions on data
Presentation and Visualization of data
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32. The Database
A database is a self-describing collection of integrated tables.
The tables are called integrated because they store data about the relationships between the rows of data.
A database is called self-describing because it stores a description of itself.
The self-describing data is called metadata, which is data about data.
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33. Metadata
Self-describing nature of a database system: A DBMS catalog stores the description of the database. The description is called meta-data). This allows the DBMS software to work with different databases.
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34. Typical Metadata Tables
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35. Database Contents
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36. Personal Database Systems: Microsoft Access
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37. Microsoft Access
Microsoft Access is a low-end product intended for individual users and small workgroups.
Microsoft Access tries to hide much of the underlying database technology from the user.
A good strategy for beginners, but not for database professionals.
NOTE: Microsoft Access 2013 is discussed in detail in Appendix A.
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38. Microsoft Access Easy to use GUI, Looks good Stand-alone
Do not require any other program to run or use
Lots of support
Help File, Message boards
Relatively cheap
Comes with MS Office Suite
Integration
Can be integrated with other MS Office applications
KROENKE AND AUER - DATABASE PROCESSING, 14th Edition © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

39. What Is Microsoft Access?
Microsoft Access is a DBMS plus an application generator:
The DBMS creates, processes, and administers Microsoft Access databases.
The application generator includes query, form, and report components.
The Microsoft Access DBMS engine is called the Access Data Engine (ADE).
Microsoft Access 2000 thru 2010 can be used as an application generator for the Microsoft SQL Server DBMS.
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40. Advanced Access Features
Open Database Connectivity (ODBC)
A standard method of sharing data between databases and programs.
ODBC drivers use the standard Structured Query Language (SQL) to gain access to external data.
Use to connect
Microsoft SQL Server databases
Microsoft FoxPro databases
other programs that provide 32-bit drivers in compliance with ODBC Level 1 to access their data files (Oracle RDMS, Paradox, dBASE, Lotus)
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41. How Does ODBC Work ODBC inserts a middle layer called a Client Driver
Purpose of the Client Driver is to translate the applications queries into commands that the DBMS understands
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42. Setting Up a Data Source in Windows for Access Database
Step 1. Open Windows ODBC Manager
Control Panel / Administrative Tools / Data Sources (ODBC).
Step 2. Click Add, Select the Microsoft Access Driver (.mdb) and click Finish
Step 3. Type a name, Select a database or create one and click OK. You’re done. Celebrate.
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43. Importing Data into Access
Important
Column headers in Excel file must match those of columns in Access target table
No spaces, weird characters
Must ensure that data in Excel columns is of correct type (text, number, date)
Blanks (not empty cells!) are nasty
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44. Enterprise-Class Database Systems
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45. Prominent DBMS Products
Microsoft Access 2013
Microsoft SQL Server 2014
Microsoft SQL Server 2014 Express
Oracle Corporation Oracle Database 12c
Oracle Database Express Edition 11g Release 2
MySQL 5.6
IBM DB2
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46. DBMS Power vs. Ease of Use
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47. Operating System (OS) Microsoft Windows Linux Apple OS X
Microsoft Access 2013
Microsoft SQL Server 2014
Oracle Database
MySQL 5.6
Linux
MySQL
Apple OS X
DBMS products, whether on a personal computer or a server, do not simply run by themselves. Like all other applications, they require that the computer have an operating system (OS) installed to handle the basic system operations (writing and reading files, printing, and so on).
Therefore, when you are selecting a DBMS product, you must be aware of which OS will support the use of that product. Today, the main OS products are Microsoft Windows (for desktop and notebook computers), Microsoft Windows Server (for servers), Apple OS X for Mac (previously MacIntosh) desktops and notebooks, and various versions of Linux (notable for the shareware development environment of the product).
Microsoft DBMS products (Microsoft Access and Microsoft SQL Server) run only on Microsoft operating systems. Oracle Database products will run on both the Windows OS and the Linux OS but not on Apple OS X. MySQL is the only DBMS product that runs on all of the three operating systems.
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48. Three Types of Database Design
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49. Database Design from Existing Data
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50. Data Import: One or Two Tables?
This is an important decision, and based on a set of rules known as normalization (which is covered in Chapter 3).
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51. Database Design from New Systems Development
Entity-Relationship data modeling is covered in Chapter 5, and data model transformations to database designs are covered in Chapter 6.
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52. Database Design from Database Redesign
Database redesign is covered in Chapter 8, after coverage of SQL in Chapter 7.
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53. What You Need To Learn
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54. Knowledge Priorities
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55. A Brief History of Database Processing I
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56. A Brief History of Database Processing II
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57. The Relational Database Model
The dominant database model is the relational database model—all current major DBMS products are based on it.
It was created by IBM engineer E. F. Codd in 1970.
It was based on mathematics called relational algebra.
This text examines and explains the relational database model.
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58. The NoSQL Movement and Big Data
Recent developments in Internet and mobile computing have resulted in the development of non-relational DBMSs.
NoSQL movement
Big Data
These do not replace the relational model, but rather complement it.
These topics are discussed in Chapter 12 and Appendix K.
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59. David Kroenke and David Auer Database Processing Fundamentals, Design, and Implementation (14th Edition)
End of Presentation:
Chapter One
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60. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America.
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