10. Trace the spatial diffusion of phenomena such as the Columbian Exchange or the diffusion of American popular culture; Describe the effects on the region of contact.

11. Spatial Diffusion (Columbian Exchange)

12. Spatial Diffusion
Spatial Diffusion can be made more difficult as a result of physical barriers (mountains, deserts, rain forests, distances, large bodies of water)
Spatial Diffusion can be made easier as a result of technology:
Transportation methods like ships, trains, roadways, air travel, etc.
Communication methods like internet, , phones, tv, radio, etc.

13. Spatial Diffusion
American Popular Culture has seen its spread all over the world!
Music
Movies (Hollywood ---- Bollywood)
Companies (McDonalds)
Food (McDonalds, Coca Cola, and many others)

14. Diffusion (SCARCITY)
Not every country has enough resources to satisfy all that their people need and/or want.
We don’t have enough oil (need)
We don’t have enough coffee (want)
We like foreign cars and technology
Some countries don’t have enough food
Some countries have disasters causing shortages……

15. Diffusion (Global Trade)
SCARCITY results in a NEED FOR TRADE!
Some countries specialize in what they have a lot of OR what they are very good or efficient at.
Good trade relations USUALLY result in the need to cooperate.
INTERDEPENDENCE is the outcome!

16. THINK OF DISEASES, REVOLUTIONS, ETC.
WHEN IT COMES TO SPATIAL DIFFUSION, THE REGION OF CONTACT IS ALWAYS IMPACTED IN SOME WAY
IT IS NOT ALWAYS POSITIVE, BUT THERE IS AN IMPACT
SOMETIMES THE IMPACT IS NOT EXPECTED
THINK OF DISEASES, REVOLUTIONS, ETC.

17. Examine the physical processes that affect the lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere

18. Physical Processes (LITHOSPHERE)
All the stony parts of the Earth.
Includes the basins.
PLATE TECTONICS- Movement of plates as well as the flow of magma.
Mountains, Valleys, Faults, Earthquakes, etc.
Rain Shadow Effect

21. Physical Processes (Hydrosphere)
The watery areas of the earth.
Includes the oceans, lakes, rivers, streams, etc.
Water Cycle is important…impacts climate

23. Atmosphere and Biosphere
Atmosphere = layer of gasses surrounding the Earth.
Biosphere = Any place on Earth that supports life.
Ecosystems = community of living and nonliving things that depend on one another.

24. Analyze how the character of a place is related to its political, economic, social, and cultural elements.

25. Character of Place (Social)
There are subgroups within each society.
Family
Classes
Socioeconomic (wealth)
Ancestry
Education
Jobs
Etc.

26. Character of Place (Cultural)
Language
Religion
Economic Activity
Social Groups
Customs
Holidays
Technology
Etc.

27. Character of Place (Political)
How does a place maintain order, create laws and enforce them?
Unitary (centralized)
Federal (Divided between national and regional/local)
Autocracy- Power held by one person
Democracy- Power held by the people

28. Character of Place (Economic)
How are economic decisions made? Who controls the resources? What, how, and for whom are things that will be produced?
Traditional- Based on custom/tradition
Market- Supply and demand (what people want and what companies will make).
Profit motive (free enterprise; capitalism)

29. Economics Continued
Command Economy- The government makes the decisions. Not as much freedom for individuals.
COMMUNISM- Strict government control over everything
Socialism- Some private ownership, but the goal is equal distribution of wealth and resources; Major decisions still made by government.

30. Locate and describe human and physical features that influence the size and distribution of settlements.

31. Settlement (physical)
WATER
Food
Irrigation for farming
Transportation
Energy/Power
Access to other places
Also consider CLIMATE, RESOURCES, etc.

32. Settlement (Physical)
Physical Geography also creates barriers to where people live. People won’t live….
Harsh climates (too cold; desert)
Rain forests (hot and humid)
Mountains
Etc.

33. Settlement (History) Hunters and Gatherers (Nomads)
Constantly searching for food and resources
Found water sources, settled down
AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION
People figured out how to cultivate land, plant and replant on same land
Cities centered around these areas

34. Urbanization
People moved from farming/rural areas to the cities seeking….
Better jobs
Better housing
Better healthcare
Other things as well

35. URBAN SPRAWL

36. Urban Sprawl 8 Katy I 10 610 Urban Core 99 59 Urban Fringe Rich/RoseSL
Rural Fringe
Suburbs
Wharton

37. Explain how political, economic, social, and environmental push and pull factors impact the flows of human immigration; AND how physical geography affects the routes and flows of human immigration.

38. PULL FACTORS What is “pulling you” towards the place you are going to?
Jobs and economic freedom
Religious freedom
New form of government
Other things, like land, hope, availability of resources, climate

39. PUSH Factors Why do you want to “leave”… what is pushing you out?
Government policies and lack of religious freedoms…some are forced out
Disease and famine? Irish and potatoes
Lack of jobs
No land
And many other things that are “bad”

40. BERINGIA LAND BRIDGE

41. GENERAL THEME:
People tend to migrate from DEVELOPING countries to DEVELOPED countries….
DEVELOPING DEVELOPED

42. Compare the ways that humans depend on, adapt to, and modify the physical environment, including the influences of culture and technology.

43. Modifying the Environment
Humans can modify the environment:
We level forests to build roads for transportation, housing, business…
We build dams on rivers to control flooding and help irrigate the fields.
New Orleans has build levees to protect it from water.

44. Terrace Farming in the Andes

45. Aswan High Dam/Deforestation of the Amazon/The New Orleans Levee System

46. Adapting to the Environment
How do humans adapt to the environment?
In Houston, it is hot…we install air conditioners to keep cool.
In Egypt, the farmers set up near the Nile River to take advantage of the annual floods for their farms.

47. Nile River Farming/Igloo in Alaska

48. Depending on the Environment
How do humans DEPEND on the environment?
We need heat and rain to grow crops.
Some places depend on certain minerals to mine and make money.
Some places need trees to burn for fuel.
Some places have great soils for farming.
ETC

49. Environment Hinders Humans
How does the environment HINDER (hurt) humans?
In Pakistan, flooding is killing people and destroying homes…
In New Orleans, Houston, Galveston, and other Gulf Cities…Hurricanes have taken lives and destroyed property.
Droughts in Africa have caused the desert to grow, and people to starve.