1. Computer Networks

2. Introducing Computer Networks
A computer network consists of two or more computers linked together to exchange data and share resources.

3. Types of Computer Networks
Local area network (LAN)
Links computers within a building (close proximity).
Uses direct cables, radio, or infrared signals.
Wide area network (WAN)
Links computers separated by a few miles or thousands of miles.
Uses long-distance transmission media.
Metropolitan area network (MAN)
Links computers within a group of buildings.
Uses fiber-optic cables.
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4. Networking Synergies in a Nutshell
Shared applications
Users share software
File server enables all users to work with the same application program
Building information
resources
Users create common pools of data that can be accessed by employees
Reduced hardware
costs
Users share equipment
Connected people
People can work together without being at the same location
Groupware enables sharing of schedules and communications

5. Network Fundamentals Physical media used in networks:
Cables– Telephone lines, coaxial cable, microwave, satellites, wireless, and fiber optic cables connect computers.
Routers– Devices that examine the data transmitted and send it to its destination.
Switches– High speed electronic switches maintain connections between computers.
Protocols– Standards that specify how network components communicate with each other.

6. Network Architecture
Network architecture is the overall design of a network.
The network design is divided into layers, each of which has a function separate from that of the other layers.
Protocol stack– The vertical (top to bottom) arrangement of the layers. Each layer is governed by its own set of protocols.

7. Local Area Networks (LANs)
LANs connect computers and peripherals within a building.
Users can access software, data, and peripherals.
LANs require special hardware and software.
Computers connected to a LAN are called workstations or nodes.
Different types of LANs:
Peer-to-peer
Client-server

8. LAN Hardware and Software
Network interface card (NIC)– Inserted into a computer’s expansion slot
Software
Operating system that supports networking (Unix, Linux, Windows, Mac OS)
Additional system software

9. Peer-to-Peer Networks
All computers on the network are treated as equal.
There are no file servers.
Users decide which files and peripherals to share.
They aren’t suited for networks with many computers.
They are easy to set up. Example: Home networks

10. Client-Server Networks
Typical corporate networks are client-server.
They use various topologies or physical layouts.
The network requires file servers, networked computers (clients), and a network operating system (NOS).
Clients send requests to servers for programs and data, and to access peripherals.

11. Network Media LANs use a variety of media to carry network signals.
Twisted pair–Two insulated wires twisted around each other. The same type of wire as that used for telephones.
Coaxial cable– Consists of an insulated center wire surrounded by a layer of braided wire. The same type of wire as that used for cable TV.
Fiber-optic cable– A type of fiber glass cable that transmits data in the form of light impulses. It can carry more data for longer distances than other wire.
Infrared– A wireless system that includes a transmitter and receiver for sending and receiving signals.
Radio– A wireless system that uses radio signals to send and receive data.

12. Types of Telephone Transmission Media
Fiber Optics
Twisted Pair Copper Wire
Satellites
Microwave

13. LAN Topologies The physical layout of a LAN is called its topology.
Topologies resolve the problem of contention, which occurs when multiple users try to access the LAN at the same time.
Collisions or corrupt data occur when different computers use the network at the same time.
Star topology
Bus topology
Ring topology
All workstations attached in a circular arrangement
A special unit of data called a token travels around the ring
Workstations can only transmit data when they possess a token
Called daisy chain
Every workstation connected to a single bus cable
Resolves collisions through contention management
Difficult to add workstations
Contains a hub or central wiring concentrator
Easy to add workstations
Resolves collisions through contention management

14. Wide Area Networks (WANs)
WANs are similar to long-distance telephone systems.
They have a local access number called a point of presence (POP).

15. Point of Presence (POP)
A point of presence is a WAN network connection point that enables customers to access the WAN by making a local telephone call.
Media used to create a connection from an organization to a POP include:
56 Kbps leased line
ISDN
ADSL
T1 line
Permanent virtual circuit (PVC)

16. Bandwidth
Transmission Media
Bandwidth
PSTN Twisted pair
56 Kbps
ISDN
128 Kbps
TV Cable
1 to 10 Mbps
Bandwidth refers to the data transfer capacity of a transmission medium.
It is measured in kilobits per second (Kbps), megabits per second (Mbps), or gigabits per second (Gbps).
Broadband digital transmission refers to connection speeds of at least 1.5 Mbps.

17. Network Topology The physical layout of a network
Node - each computer, printer, or server on network
Three common topologies
Star
Ring
Bus

18. Network Topology - Star
- Uses Category 5 cable (cat 6 is used
- Cat 5 cable uses an RJ-45 connector for the NIC card
- Easy to install/not that expensive
- Computers are concentrated into a star pattern using hubs or switches
- Hubs broadcast data to all devices
- Switches can be used instead of hubs
- If there is a break in the cable it does not disturb the other computers

19. Network Topology - Ring
- Uses different hardware
- More expensive
- Complex to install
- Data is passed around the ring until it reaches its destination
- Best at passing data with less collisions

20. Network Topology - Bus - Least expensive/easiest to setup
- Uses coax cable
- Computers are daisy chained together in a linear bus
- Data packets are sent along the coax cables
- All computers hear data sent out