1. James Madison President (1809 – 1817) One of the Founding Fathers
Federalist who became Jefferson’s right hand man

2. U.S.A. BORDERS IN 1812

3. CRASH COURSE – WAR OF 1812

4. THE WAR OF 1812 – OVERVIEW
Embargo = Gov. order that forbids trade with another country
Embargos by Jefferson harmed American sailors too
no money when you shut down the trade
Madison
Tried to deal with GB and FR to improve foreign relations and the U.S. economy
Succumbed to “War Hawks” pressure to go to war
South and West pressured Madison to go war to push GB out of Canada
Cost of War
Country greatly in debt after the war
Click Image for video about War of 1812

5. THE WAR OF 1812 – WHO
BRITISH
AMERICANS (U.S.A.)
Tecumseh, leader of united some Native American tribes
Incited “Red Stick” Creek Wars
Cherokee, Choctaw, and Southern Creek Indians
President James Madison
Naval Capt. Oliver Hazard Perry who won the battle of Lake Erie
Gen. Andrew Jackson
“Old Hickory”
Battle of New Orleans

6. THE WAR OF 1812 – WHY: ISSUES AT SEA
1805, Barbary Wars
Fighting pirates off coast of Africa
Britain & France at War
Global impact = fighting over territory & trade rights with other nations
Impressments
Boarding & confiscating ships
Forcing men to serve in British military
French forcing Americans to trade with them or attacking their ships
Trade Restrictions
Embargoes limited New England & NY trade

7. THE WAR OF 1812 – WHY: ISSUES ON THE FRONTIER
Land Disputes
N.A. & American land disputes
Indiana, Tennessee, Ohio, etc.
British & American settlements
Fighting for the land along the Canadian border
British offering “scalp money” for N.A. attacks on Americans
Considered worse than Hessian mercenaries

8. THE WAR OF 1812 – WHY: ISSUES IN CONGRESS
War Hawks
Visualize: Hawks circling their prey before attacking
These members of Congress promoting war to demonstrate international power
Henry Clay
John C. Calhoun

9. THE WAR OF 1812 – WHERE: MAJOR BATTLES
Interactive battle map:

10. THE WAR OF 1812 – WHERE: THE BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS
January 8, 1815
War already declared over by GB but the treaty had not reached Louisiana yet
Jackson's 5,000 soldiers won a victory over 7,500 British
British = 2,037 casualties
Americans = 71 casualties

11. THE WAR OF 1812 – THE OUTCOME Stalemate/Cease Fire
U.S. likes to believe they won largely in part due to Battle of New Orleans & British not taking over America again
Treaty of Ghent (Belgium) signed December 1814
Gave rise to Nationalism
Inspires poem to become National Anthem (later)
All conquered territory was to be returned, and commissions were planned to settle the boundary of the United States and Canada – but this was still incomplete.
Casualties
~6,700 killed, wounded and MIA Americans; ~5,000 British
Unresolved Issues
U.S. in further debt
No solutions to trade disputes & impressments
Boundaries still disputed (Where does U.S. end? Why should it?)
Relations with Natives

12. PRESIDENT MONROE – 1817-1825 5th U.S. President
Monroe was the last president who was a Founding Father of the United States
Believed in Isolationism
Washington’s philosophy but to the point of being territorial

13. THE MONROE DOCTRINE – 1823 Latin American Revolution Monroe’s Dilemma
Revolutions in the Latin America would open the door for new trade relations.
GB and USA hoped Spain would be kicked out of Latin America
Monroe’s Dilemma
Do we get involved yet again in foreign affairs?
John Quincy Adams drafts Monroe’s Doctrine:
North & South America are free & independent
No future subjects for colonization by another country
Western Hemisphere = off-limits to Europe; any interference = declaration of war!
Overall message
The U.S. is a strong, confident nation; back off!