1. Modern World History Chapter 9, Section 2 Industrialization

2. Urbanization
As more people lost their farm land they moved to the cities for work
By the 1800s people could earn higher wages in factories than on farms
Urbanization – shift of populations from rural areas toward cities caused by the growth of factories after 1800 that led to the growth of European and U.S. cities

3. Working Conditions Before Industrialization Short-Term Effects
Long-Term Effects
Industry created many new jobs
Factories were dirty and unsafe
Factory bosses used harsh discipline
Workers worked 6 days a week for usually about 14 hours a day
Work was tedious and didn’t change with the seasons

5. Social Classes Before Industrialization Short-Term Effects
Long-Term Effects
Factory workers were overworked and underpaid
Overseers and skilled workers rose to lower middle class
Factory owners and merchants rose to upper middle class
Upper class resented the upper middle class that became more wealthy than them

6. Social Classes Under Industrialization
Upper Class
Traditionally it was wealthy land-owning aristocrats
Later joined by wealthy businessmen
Upper Middle Class
Lower Middle Class
Government employees, doctors, lawyers, managers of factories, mines and shops, bankers
Factory overseers, skilled workers such as toolmakers, drafters, printers
Lower Class
Factory workers, miners, and other low paid laborers

7. Size of Cities Factories brought job seekers to cities
Before Industrialization
Short-Term Effects
Long-Term Effects
Factories brought job seekers to cities
Urban areas, doubled, tripled, quadrupled, etc. in size
Many cities specialized in certain industries

8. Size of Cities

9. Living Conditions Before Industrialization Short-Term Effects
Long-Term Effects
Cities lacked sanitary or building codes
Housing was inadequate(most families lived in one dark, dirty room),
water, and social services (education, police, fire, etc.) were scarce
Streets unpaved with no sewer drains, and garbage piled up in the streets
Epidemics of disease swept through the cities

11. Case Study: Manchester
Manchester in northern England had ready access to water power, available labor from the nearby countryside, and an outlet to the sea at Liverpool
Population grew from 45,000 in 1760 to 300,000 by 1850
Textile factories powered by coal blackened the skies
Rapid, unplanned growth made it an unhealthy place to live and work
Wealth flowed to the new middle class, but only slowly to the working class

12. Child Labor Began work in factories as young as age 6
Worked 6 days a week for long hours
Supervisors often beat them to keep working and awake
Factory Act of 1819 was to restrict working ages and hours, but it was not strongly enforced