1. Ali Fares Associate Professor of Watershed Hydrology
Evaluation of Natural Resource Management: Watershed Hydrology, a Hawaiian Prospective
Ali Fares
Associate Professor of Watershed Hydrology
11/7/2018
NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management

2. Moisture in Atmosphere!
Moisture is added to atmosphere through evapotion.
Water vapor in air exerts partial pressure called vapor pressure
The relationship among moisture content in the atmosphere, temperature and vapor pressure determine the occurrence and amounts of evaporation & precipitation see Figure.
RH is ratio of VP (ea) to saturation VP (es) at a given temperature.
Vapor pressure deficit
Dew point temperature
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NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management

3. Moisture in the Atmosphere
lnes = – /T
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4. NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management
Lecture Outline
SURFACE WATER HYDROLOGY.
What Is Surface Water Hydrology?
Watersheds.
Delineating a Watershed.
P O L I C Y I S S U E.
Overland Flow.
Rivers.
Components of a River.
River Morphology.
Types of Rivers.
Gradient.
Lakes.
Types of Lakes.
Ecological Zones.
Thermal Cycles.
Seiches.
Transport and Deposition.
Velocity.
Sediment Load.
Water Measurement.
Overland Flow.
River Discharge.
Water Storage in Lakes and Reservoirs.
Flood Events.
Flood Frequency.
Probable Maximum Precipitation.
Probable Maximum Flood.
G U E S T E S S AY GIS and Flooding by Jake Freier.
P O L I C Y I S S U E.
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NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management

5. NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management
Hydrology
The scientific study of the properties, distribution, and effects of water on the earth's surface, in the soil and underlying rocks, and in the atmosphere.
HYDROLOGY is the science of water that is concerned with the origin, circulation, distribution and properties of water of the earth.
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NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management

6. NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management
What’s a Watershed?
WATERSHED, or CATCHMENT, is a topographic area that is drained by a stream, that is, the total land area above some point on a stream or river that drains past that point.
The watershed is often used as a planning or management unit. Natural environment unit.
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NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management

7. NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management
Topo Maps
The USGS took over responsibility for mapping the country in 1879 and has been the primary civilian mapping agency of the United States ever since.
The best known USGS maps are the 1:24,000-scale topographic maps, also known as 7.5-minute quadrangles.
More than 55, minute maps were made to cover the 48 conterminous States.
This is the only uniform map series that covers the entire area of the United States in considerable detail.
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NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management

8. NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management
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NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management

9. Ala Wai Canal Watershed
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NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management

10. Rainfall / Precipitation
Spatial Distribution
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NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management

11. Formation of rainfall on a tropical island
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NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management

12. Rain Spatial Distribution, Windward
60m
2,500 mm
1570m
9,400 mm
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NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management

13. Precipitation Estimation
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NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management

14. Precipitation Estimation
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15. Precipitation Estimation
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16. Precipitation Estimation
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17. Precipitation Estimation
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18. Precipitation Estimation
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19. Rainfall spatial distribution
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20. Rainfall Spatial Distribution
PRIZM model Site-specific Interpolation
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NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management

21. NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management
Oahu, October 30th 2004
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NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management

22. Precipitation Measurement
The Standard Fog Collector (Schemenauer and Cereceda, 1994)
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NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management

23. NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management
Fog Interception
Despite the extremely high rainfall in the area fog remains a substantial part of the water budget of these forests, especially at altitudes between 600 and 2000 meters.
Fog interception may range between 126% and 367% of what is collected by a standard rain gage.
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NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management

24. Fog drip in tropical cloud forests on East Maui, Hawaii
Cloud water interception adds significantly to rainfall at both dry (leeward) and wet (windward) cloud forest sites in Hawai'i.
Cloud water interception was equivalent to 268 mm yr-1 at Auwahi and 1073 mm yr-1 at Waikamoi.
Measured throughfall was about 65% of incident rainfall at Auwahi, and 119% of incident rainfall at Waikamoi.
Throughfall was dominated by rainfall at both the Waikamoi and Auwahi sites, and was significantly influenced by fog only at the windward site.
Scholl et al. 2004
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NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management

25. Precipitation Canopy Interception
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26. Rain Canopy Interception
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27. NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management
Water Balance
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28. NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management
Infiltration
Infiltration is the actual rate at which water is entering the soil at any given time(SCSA, 1976).
Infiltration capacity: Maximum rate (LT-1).
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NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management

29. Measuring infiltration
Double ring infiltrometer
Tension infiltrometer
Xiaodong, 2002
Guelph Permeameter
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NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management

30. NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management
Surface Water
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31. What are the components of a Hydrograph?
Tsihrintzis, 2002
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32. NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management
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NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management

33. Runoff variability: monthly stream discharge
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NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management

34. Runoff variability: instantaneous stream discharge
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NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management

35. Trends in Streamflow Characteristics in HI
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36. NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management
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37. NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management
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38. USGS stream-gaging stations in HI
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NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management

39. Trends in Streamflow Characteristics in HI
Analysis of trends in base flow (ground-water discharge to streams) provides insight related to changes in ground-water storage, whereas analysis of trends in total flow (base flow plus direct runoff) provides insight related to changes in actual flow in the stream as well as changes in high flow.
Statistically significant downward trends in annual base flow during 1913–2002 were detected at all seven stations.
Long-term downward trends in base flow are consistent with long-term downward trends in rainfall over much of the State during this period.
Thus, the downward trends in base flow at the long-term-trend stations may be representative of many other streams throughout the State as well.
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NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management

40. Precipitation measurement: throughfall
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NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management

41. Precipitation measurement: fog interception
The Standard Fog Collector (Schemenauer and Cereceda, 1994)
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NREM600: Evaluation of Natural Resource Management