1. Bell Ringer Turn in homework to bin.
What is the photosynthesis equation?
Identify four biotic items.
Define decomposer & radiant energy.
What was easiest for you on the test yesterday?
What was hardest for you on the test yesterday?

2. Four Square Ecology

3. Ecology

4. WHAT IS ECOLOGY?
Ecology- the scientific study of interactions between organisms and their environments, focusing on energy transfer
Ecology is a science of relationships
What do you think about when I say ecology? Recycling? Acid rain?

5. Questions to consider…
How do leaf-eating insects affect the growth of a tree?
How does spraying pesticides affect the water?
What do weather patterns affect bird migration?

6. Biosphere Ecosystem Community Population Organism
Just like with classification, ecology is hierarchal. Each level builds on itself and they fit together like nesting boxes.
Population
Organism

7. Biosphere – part of Earth where all life exists.
- Organisms are not equally distributed in the biosphere.
- The highest level of organization
Lets review. Organisms make up populations, populations make up communities, communities and abiotic factors make up ecosystems, and all of the ecosystems make up the biosphere. From one to many and each depending on the other.

8. Ecosystem – All living & non-living parts in a given area.

9. Community – All the living organisms in an ecosystem.
Next level is a community which is several populations living together and depending on each other. What does interdependent mean? An example of a community is shown here with the bear and the salmon. They both live in a common environment and the bear needs the fish for food? How does the salmon need the bear?

10. POPULATION
a group of organisms of one species living in the same place at the same time that interbreed
Produce fertile offspring
Compete with each other for resources (food, mates, shelter, etc.)
The next level is a population. A population consists of a single species living together and breeding. Give me an example of a population. Ex. large mouth bass living in Lake Meade. Beetles living under the same log. Here we have salmon spwning and two bears fishing.

11. Habitat vs. Niche Niche – an organism’s job or way of life
Habitat- the place in which an organism lives out its life
Although several species may share a habitat they each have their own niche. A niche is a very narrow range where a species fits within a habitat.

12. Describe what you would find in each level of organization listed below
Biosphere: Ecosystem: Community: Population: Habitat: Niche:

13. Transfer of Energy Organisms are either…
1. Producers  make their own food
2. Consumers  cannot make their own food so they must eat food.
How do they trap the sun’s energy? Through what process? What is that process similar to in animal cells?

14. Consumers can be… Herbivores, Carnivores, Omnivores, Decomposers
Energy moves up the food chain through the producer/consumer relationship.

15. Trophic Levels: feeding levels in an ecosystem
Producer: makes their own food using energy from the sun
Occurs in a process called photosynthesis
Also called autotrophs

16. Primary consumers  eat the producers.
Herbivore – eats only plants
Secondary Consumers  eats primary consumers
Tertiary Consumer  eats secondary consumers
Secondary & Tertiary Consumers may be…
Omnivores or Carnivores
Scavengers  eat dead organisms.
Ex = buzzard, hyenas, & crayfish

18. What happens when the top organisms dies??

19. Decomposers
Bacteria & fungi that break down the dead plant & animal tissue and return nutrients to the soil.

20. Make your own food chain! Show what happens when the top consumer dies.

21. Rule of 10 Algae  Minnow  Bream  Bass  Bacteria
25,000kC 2,500kC kC kC kC
Rule of 10: Only 10% of energy passes to the next feeding/trophic level. Where does the other 90% go?

22. Show the rule of 10 on your food chain
Show the rule of 10 on your food chain. Start with your producer having 1,000,000 J of Sunlight!

24. Food Web: Interconnected food chains; more complex

25. Food chain Food web
(just 1 path of energy) (all possible energy paths)

26. Energy Pyramid: Represents the amount of energy in a food chain

27. Food Chains, Webs, & Pyramids
If not finished in class must be done as homework!

29. Bell Ringer What is the squirrel considered?
What happens if I remove the grasshopper from the food web?
How are an ecosystem & a community related?
What is the rule of 10?

30. Bell Ringer
What is the relationship between a community & a population?
What happens if I remove the grasshopper from the food web?
Can matter/energy be created or destroyed?
What is the rule of 10?
Calculate the energy %
lost from the grass ->
grasshopper -> wolf.

31. Trophic Levels
Biomass- the amount of organic matter comprising a group of organisms in a habitat.
As you move up a food chain, both available energy and biomass decrease.
Energy is transferred upwards but is diminished with each transfer.

33. Bell Ringer Turn in your Human Impacts Web Quest
State the difference between an ecosystem and a community.
Identify the levels of organization from most broad to most specific.
What is the difference between a habitat and a niche?

34. Bell Ringer State the difference between an ecosystem and a community.
Identify the levels of organization from most broad to most specific.
What is the difference between a habitat and a niche?
Draw and label the water cycle.

35. Biosphere Ecosystem Community Population Organism
Just like with classification, ecology is hierarchal. Each level builds on itself and they fit together like nesting boxes.
Population
Organism

36. Identify main idea, North Carolina Example, and draw a picture
Gallery Walk
Identify main idea, North Carolina Example, and draw a picture

37. Feeding Relationships
There are 3 main types of feeding relationships
1. Producer - Consumer
2. Predator - Prey
3. Parasite - Host
How do they trap the sun’s energy? Through what process? What is that process similar to in animal cells?

39. Symbiotic Relationships
Symbiosis- two species living together
3 Types of symbiosis:
1. Commensalism
2. Parasitism
3. Mutualism
Cleaning shrimp

40. Symbiotic Relationships
Commensalism-
one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped
Ex. orchids on a tree
Epiphytes: A plant, such as a tropical orchid or a bromeliad, that grows on another plant upon which it depends for mechanical support but not for nutrients. Also called xerophyte, air plant.

41. Symbiotic Relationships
Commensalism-
one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped
Ex. polar bears and cyanobacteria
You can see here that this polar bear is no longer white.

42. Symbiotic Relationships
Parasitism-
one species benefits (parasite) and the other is harmed (host)
Parasite-Host relationship

43. Symbiotic Relationships
Parasitism- parasite-host
Ex. lampreys,
leeches, fleas,
ticks, tapeworm

44. Symbiotic Relationships
Mutualism-
beneficial to both species
Ex. cleaning birds and cleaner shrimp
The Egyptian plover takes insects from the backs of buffaloes, giraffes and rhinos. The plover has also been observed taking leeches from the open mouths of crocodiles! In this association the plover receives a supply of food and the other animal rids itself of unwelcome pests

45. = 1 species Type of relationship Species harmed Species benefits
Species neutral
Commensalism
Parasitism
Mutualism
= 1 species

46. Trial of Life Video

47. Identify the relationship
Next to the description identify if the relationship is mutualism, parasitism, or commensalism.

48. Closure: Which is Which?
Lion kills a zebra & eats until full. Once lion leaves a vulture comes & eats the remains.
Shark swims & pilot fish swims underneath for protection.
A leech on your skin.
Plover bird cleans alligators teeth.

49. Habitat vs. Niche Examples of limiting factors - Amount of water
Amount of food
Temperature
Amount of space
Availability of mates
Although several species may share a habitat they each have their own niche. A niche is a very narrow range where a species fits within a habitat.