The Cerebellum Figure 13–7b The Cerebellum.

The Cerebellum Figure 13–7b The Cerebellum.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Mesencephalon Structures of the Mesencephalon Tectum Tegmentum
Two pairs of sensory nuclei (corpora quadrigemina): superior colliculus (visual) inferior colliculus (auditory) Tegmentum Red nucleus (many blood vessels) Substantia nigra (pigmented gray matter) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Mesencephalon Structures of the Mesencephalon Cerebral peduncles
Nerve fiber bundles on ventrolateral surfaces Contain: descending fibers to cerebellum motor command fibers Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Mesencephalon Figure 13–8a The Mesencephalon.

The Mesencephalon Figure 13–8b The Mesencephalon.

The Diencephalon Integrates sensory information and motor commands
Thalamus, epithalamus, and hypothalamus The pineal gland Found in posterior epithalamus Secretes hormone melatonin Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Diencephalon The Thalamus
Filters ascending sensory information for primary sensory cortex Relays information between basal nuclei and cerebral cortex The third ventricle Separates left thalamus and right thalamus Interthalamic adhesion (or intermediate mass): projection of gray matter extends into ventricle from each side Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Diencephalon The Thalamus Thalamic nuclei
Are rounded masses that form thalamus Relay sensory information to basal nuclei and cerebral cortex Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Diencephalon Five Groups of Thalamic Nuclei Anterior group
Anterior nuclei Part of limbic system (emotions) Medial group Provides awareness of emotional states Ventral group Relays sensory information Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Diencephalon Five Groups of Thalamic Nuclei Posterior group
Pulvinar nucleus (sensory) Lateral geniculate nucleus (visual) Medial geniculate nucleus (auditory) Lateral group Affects emotional states Integrates sensory information Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Diencephalon Figure 13–9 The Thalamus.

The Diencephalon Figure 13–9a The Thalamus.

The Diencephalon Figure 13–9b The Thalamus.

The Diencephalon The Hypothalamus Mamillary bodies Infundibulum
Process olfactory and other sensory information Control reflex eating movements Infundibulum A narrow stalk Connects hypothalamus to pituitary gland Tuberal area Located between the infundibulum and mamillary bodies Helps control pituitary gland function Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Diencephalon Figure 13–10a The Hypothalamus in Sagittal Section.

The Diencephalon Figure 13–10b The Hypothalamus in Sagittal Section.

The Diencephalon Eight Functions of the Hypothalamus
Provides subconscious control of skeletal muscle Controls autonomic function Coordinates activities of nervous and endocrine systems Secretes hormones Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by supraoptic nucleus Oxytocin (OT; OXT) by paraventricular nucleus Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Diencephalon Eight Functions of the Hypothalamus
Produces emotions and behavioral drives The feeding center (hunger) The thirst center (thirst) Coordinates voluntary and autonomic functions Regulates body temperature Preoptic area of hypothalamus Controls circadian rhythms (day–night cycles) Suprachiasmatic nucleus Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Limbic System The Limbic System Is a functional grouping that
Establishes emotional states Links conscious functions of cerebral cortex with autonomic functions of brain stem Facilitates memory storage and retrieval Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Limbic System Components of the Limbic System Amygdaloid body
Acts as interface between the limbic system, the cerebrum, and various sensory systems Limbic lobe of cerebral hemisphere Cingulate gyrus Dentate gyrus Parahippocampal gyrus Hippocampus Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Limbic System Components of the Limbic System Fornix
Tract of white matter Connects hippocampus with hypothalamus Anterior nucleus of the thalamus Relays information from mamillary body to cingulate gyrus Reticular formation Stimulation or inhibition affects emotions (rage, fear, pain, sexual arousal, pleasure) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Limbic System Figure 13–11a The Limbic System.

The Limbic System Figure 13–11b The Limbic System.

The Cerebrum The Cerebrum Is the largest part of the brain
Controls all conscious thoughts and intellectual functions Processes somatic sensory and motor information Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Cerebrum Gray matter White matter
In cerebral cortex and basal nuclei White matter Deep to basal cortex Around basal nuclei Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Cerebrum Structures of the Cerebrum Gyri of neural cortex
Increase surface area (number of cortical neurons) Insula (island) of cortex Lies medial to lateral sulcus Longitudinal fissure Separates cerebral hemispheres Lobes Divisions of hemispheres Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Cerebrum Structures of the Cerebrum Central sulcus divides
Anterior frontal lobe from posterior parietal lobe Lateral sulcus divides Frontal lobe from temporal lobe Parieto-occipital sulcus divides Parietal lobe from occipital lobe Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Cerebrum Figure 13–12a The Brain in Lateral View.

The Cerebrum Figure 13–12b The Brain in Lateral View.

The Cerebrum Figure 13–12c The Brain in Lateral View.

The Cerebrum Three Functional Principles of the Cerebrum
Each cerebral hemisphere receives sensory information from, and sends motor commands to, the opposite side of the body The two hemispheres have different functions, although their structures are alike Correspondence between a specific function and a specific region of cerebral cortex is not precise Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Cerebrum White Matter of the Cerebrum Association fibers
Commissural fibers Projection fibers Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Cerebrum White Matter of the Cerebrum Association fibers
Connections within one hemisphere: arcuate fibers: are short fibers connect one gyrus to another longitudinal fasciculi: are longer bundles connect frontal lobe to other lobes in same hemisphere Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Cerebrum White Matter of the Cerebrum
Commissural fibers Bands of fibers connecting two hemispheres: corpus callosum anterior commissure Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Cerebrum White Matter of the Cerebrum Projection fibers
Pass through diencephalon Link cerebral cortex with: diencephalon, brain stem, cerebellum, and spinal cord Internal capsule: all ascending and descending projection fibers Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Cerebrum Figure 13–13a Fibers of the White Matter of the Cerebrum.

The Cerebrum Figure 13–13b Fibers of the White Matter of the Cerebrum.

The Cerebrum The Basal Nuclei Also called cerebral nuclei
Are masses of gray matter Are embedded in white matter of cerebrum Direct subconscious activities Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Cerebrum Structures of Basal Nuclei Caudate nucleus
Curving, slender tail Lentiform nucleus Globus pallidus Putamen Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Cerebrum Figure 13–14a The Basal Nuclei.

The Cerebrum Figure 13–14b The Basal Nuclei.

The Cerebrum Figure 13–14c The Basal Nuclei.

The Cerebrum Functions of Basal Nuclei Involved with
The subconscious control of skeletal muscle tone The coordination of learned movement patterns (walking, lifting) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Cerebrum Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex
Central sulcus separates motor and sensory areas Motor areas Precentral gyrus of frontal lobe: directs voluntary movements Primary motor cortex: is the surface of precentral gyrus Pyramidal cells: are neurons of primary motor cortex Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Cerebrum Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex Sensory areas
Postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe: receives somatic sensory information (touch, pressure, pain, vibration, taste, and temperature) Primary sensory cortex: surface of postcentral gyrus Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Cerebrum Special Sensory Cortexes Visual cortex Auditory cortex
Information from sight receptors Auditory cortex Information from sound receptors Olfactory cortex Information from odor receptors Gustatory cortex Information from taste receptors Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Cerebrum Association Areas Sensory association areas
Monitor and interpret arriving information at sensory areas of cortex Somatic motor association area (premotor cortex) Coordinates motor responses (learned movements) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Cerebrum Sensory Association Areas
Somatic sensory association area Interprets input to primary sensory cortex (e.g., recognizes and responds to touch) Visual association area Interprets activity in visual cortex Auditory association area Monitors auditory cortex Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Cerebrum Integrative Centers
Are located in lobes and cortical areas of both cerebral hemispheres Receive information from association areas Direct complex motor or analytical activities Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Cerebrum General Interpretive Area Also called Wernicke area
Present in only one hemisphere Receives information from all sensory association areas Coordinates access to complex visual and auditory memories Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Cerebrum Other Integrative Areas Speech center
Is associated with general interpretive area Coordinates all vocalization functions Prefrontal cortex of frontal lobe Integrates information from sensory association areas Performs abstract intellectual activities (e.g., predicting consequences of actions) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Cerebrum Interpretive Areas of Cortex Brodmann areas
Patterns of cellular organization in cerebral cortex Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Cerebrum Hemispheric Lateralization
Functional differences between left and right hemispheres Each cerebral hemisphere performs certain functions that are not ordinarily performed by the opposite hemisphere Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Cerebrum The Left Hemisphere The Right Hemisphere
In most people, left brain (dominant hemisphere) controls Reading, writing, and math Decision making Speech and language The Right Hemisphere Right cerebral hemisphere relates to Senses (touch, smell, sight, taste, feel) Recognition (faces, voice inflections) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Cerebrum Figure 13–16 Hemispheric Lateralization.

The Cerebrum Monitoring Brain Activity
Brain activity is assessed by an electroencephalogram (EEG) Electrodes are placed on the skull Patterns of electrical activity (brain waves) are printed out Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Cerebrum Four Categories of Brain Waves Alpha waves Beta waves
Found in healthy, awake adults at rest with eyes closed Beta waves Higher frequency Found in adults concentrating or mentally stressed Theta waves Found in children Found in intensely frustrated adults May indicate brain disorder in adults Delta waves During sleep Found in awake adults with brain damage Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Cerebrum Figure 13–17a-d Brain Waves.

The Cerebrum Synchronization Seizure A pacemaker mechanism
Synchronizes electrical activity between hemispheres Brain damage can cause desynchronization Seizure Is a temporary cerebral disorder Changes the electroencephalogram Symptoms depend on regions affected Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cranial Nerves 12 pairs connected to brain
Four Classifications of Cranial Nerves Sensory nerves: carry somatic sensory information, including touch, pressure, vibration, temperature, and pain Special sensory nerves: carry sensations such as smell, sight, hearing, balance Motor nerves: axons of somatic motor neurons Mixed nerves: mixture of motor and sensory fibers Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cranial Nerves Cranial nerves are classified by primary functions
May also have important secondary functions Distributing autonomic fibers to peripheral ganglia The 12 cranial nerve groups are identified by Primary function Origin Pathway Destination Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cranial Nerves Figure 13–18 Origins of the Cranial Nerves.

Cranial Nerves Olfactory Nerves (I) Primary function Origin Pathway
Special sensory (smell) Origin Receptors of olfactory epithelium Pathway Olfactory foramina in cribriform plate of ethmoid Destination Olfactory bulbs Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cranial Nerves Olfactory Nerve Structures Olfactory bulbs
Located on either side of crista galli Olfactory tracts Axons of postsynaptic neurons Leading to cerebrum Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cranial Nerves Figure 13–19 The Olfactory Nerve.

Cranial Nerves Optic Nerves (II) Primary function Origin Pathway
Special sensory (vision) Origin Retina of eye Pathway Optic canals of sphenoid Destination Diencephalon via optic chiasm Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cranial Nerves Optic Nerve Structures Optic chiasm Optic tracts
Where sensory fibers converge And cross to opposite side of brain Optic tracts Reorganized axons Leading to lateral geniculate nuclei Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cranial Nerves Figure 13–20 The Optic Nerve.

Cranial Nerves Oculomotor Nerves (III) Primary function Origin Pathway
Motor (eye movements) Origin Mesencephalon Pathway Superior orbital fissures of sphenoid Destination Somatic motor: superior, inferior, and medial rectus muscles inferior oblique muscle levator palpebrae superioris muscle Visceral motor: intrinsic eye muscles Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cranial Nerves Oculomotor Nerve Structures Oculomotor nerve
Controls four of six eye-movement muscles Delivers autonomic fibers to ciliary ganglion: ciliary ganglion: controls intrinsic muscles of iris and lens Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cranial Nerves The Trochlear Nerves (IV) Primary function Origin
Motor (eye movements) Origin Mesencephalon Pathway Superior orbital fissure of sphenoid Destination Superior oblique muscle Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cranial Nerves The Abducens Nerves (VI) Primary function Origin
Motor (eye movements) Origin Pons Pathway Superior orbital fissures of sphenoid Destination Lateral rectus muscle Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cranial Nerves The Trigeminal Nerves (V) Primary function Origin
Mixed (sensory and motor) to face Origin Ophthalmic branch (sensory): orbital structures nasal cavity skin of forehead, upper eyelid, and eyebrow part of nose Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cranial Nerves The Trigeminal Nerves (V) Origin
Maxillary branch (sensory): lower eyelid upper lip, gums, and teeth cheek and nose palate and part of pharynx Mandibular branch (sensory): lower gums, teeth, and lips palate and part of tongue Mandibular branch (motor): motor nuclei of pons Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cranial Nerves The Trigeminal Nerves (V) Pathway Ophthalmic branch:
superior orbital fissure Maxillary branch: foramen rotundum Mandibular branch: foramen ovale Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cranial Nerves Trigeminal Nerve Structures Trigeminal nerves
Largest cranial nerves With three major branches Semilunar ganglion Contains cell bodies of sensory neurons Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cranial Nerves Figure 13–22 The Trigeminal Nerve.

Cranial Nerves The Facial Nerves (VII) Primary function Origin Pathway
Mixed (sensory and motor) to face Origin Sensory: taste receptors on anterior 2/3 of tongue Motor: motor nuclei of pons Pathway Internal acoustic meatus to facial canals (stylomastoid foramina) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cranial Nerves The Facial Nerves (VII) Destination Sensory:
sensory nuclei of pons Somatic motor: muscles of facial expression Visceral motor: tear and nasal mucous glands submandibular and sublingual salivary glands Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cranial Nerves Facial Nerve Structures Geniculate ganglia
Hold cell bodies of sensory neurons Pterygopalatine ganglia Postganglionic fibers innervate glands (lacrimal, nasal cavity, and pharynx) Submandibular ganglia Innervate salivary glands Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cranial Nerves Figure 13–23a The Facial Nerve.

Cranial Nerves Figure 13–23b The Facial Nerve.

Cranial Nerves The Vestibulocochlear Nerves (VIII)
Primary function: special sensory Vestibular branch: balance and equilibrium Cochlear branch: hearing Origin Receptors of inner ear Pathway Internal acoustic meatus of temporal bones Destination Vestibular and cochlear nuclei of pons and medulla oblongata Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cranial Nerves Vestibulocochlear Nerve Structures Vestibular branch
Originates at receptors of vestibule (balance) Connects to vestibular nuclei of pons and medulla oblongata Cochlear branch Originates at sensors of cochlea (hearing) Connects with cochlear nuclei of pons and medulla oblongata Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cranial Nerves Figure 13–24 The Vestibulocochlear Nerve.

Cranial Nerves The Glossopharyngeal Nerves (IX) Primary function
Mixed (sensory and motor) to head and neck Origins Sensory: posterior 1/3 of tongue part of pharynx and palate carotid arteries Motor: motor nuclei of medulla oblongata Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cranial Nerves The Glossopharyngeal Nerves (IX) Pathway Destination
Jugular foramina between occipital and temporal bones Destination Sensory: sensory nuclei of medulla oblongata Somatic motor: nerves involved in swallowing Visceral motor: parotid salivary gland Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cranial Nerves Glossopharyngeal Nerve Structures
Superior and inferior ganglion Sensory neurons of tongue and pharynx Otic ganglion Synapse visceral motor fibers Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cranial Nerves Figure 13–25 The Glossopharyngeal Nerve.

Cranial Nerves The Vagus Nerves (X) Primary function Origins
Mixed (sensory and motor) Widely distributed in thorax and abdomen Origins Sensory: part of pharynx auricle and external acoustic meatus diaphragm visceral organs of thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities Motor: motor nuclei in medulla oblongata Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cranial Nerves The Vagus Nerves (X) Pathway Destination
Jugular foramina Between occipital and temporal bones Destination Sensory: sensory nuclei and autonomic centers of medulla oblongata Visceral motor: muscles of the palate and pharynx muscles of the digestive, respiratory, and cardiovascular systems in thoracic and abdominal cavities Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cranial Nerves Vagus Nerve Structures Vagus nerves
Branch and radiate extensively Superior (jugular) ganglion and inferior (nodose) ganglion Hold sensory neurons Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cranial Nerves Figure 13–26 The Vagus Nerve.

Cranial Nerves The Accessory Nerves (XI) Primary function Origin
Motor to muscles of neck and upper back Origin Motor nuclei of spinal cord and medulla oblongata Pathway Jugular foramina between occipital and temporal bones Destination Internal branch: voluntary muscles of palate, pharynx, and larynx External branch: sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cranial Nerves Accessory Nerve Structures Spinal root Cranial root
Motor fibers that originate in anterior gray horns of first five cervical segments of spinal cord Cranial root Motor fibers that originate in medulla oblongata Internal branch Joins the vagus nerve External branch Controls muscles of neck and back Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cranial Nerves The Hypoglossal Nerves (XII) Primary function Origin
Motor (tongue movements) Origin Motor nuclei of medulla oblongata Pathway Hypoglossal canals of occipital bone Destination Muscles of tongue Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cranial Nerves Figure 13–27 The Accessory and Hypoglossal Nerves.

Cranial Reflexes Cranial Reflexes
Monosynaptic and polysynaptic reflex arcs Involve sensory and motor fibers of cranial nerves Clinically useful to check cranial nerve or brain damage Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Cerebellum Figure 13–7b The Cerebellum.

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The Cerebellum Figure 13–7b The Cerebellum.

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