1. Neurotransmitters 4 major Categories 1) ACh 2) Amino Acids
3) Biogenic Amines
4) Neuropeptides

2. 1) ACh C.N.S. Somatic N.S. Autonomic N.S. 2) Amino Acids
- Parasympathetic
- Sympathetic
Glutamate (aspartame)
2) Amino Acids
GABA (glycine)
Norepinephrine (NE) and Epinephrine (E)
3) Biogenic Amines
Dopamine
Seratonin (5-HT)
Substance P
4) Neuropeptides
Enkephalins and  Endorphins

3. Central Nervous System
Brain
Spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System
Autonomic N.S.
Somatic N.S.

4. Divisions of the Brain 1. Cerebrum 2. Diencephalon 3. Midbrain
4. Cerebellum
5. Pons
6. Medulla Oblongata

5. Central Nervous System: The Brain
Parietal Lobe
Frontal Lobe
Occipital
Lobe
Temporal
Lobe

6. Functions of the Cerebrum
In General - our conscious mind enables us to:
Be aware of ourselves and sensations.
Initiate and control voluntary movements.
Cerebrum has 5 Lobes
Frontal Lobe - memory, behavior, personality, movement.
Parietal Lobe - somatic sensory perception.
Temporal Lobe - auditory and olfactory perception.
Occipital Lobe - visual perception.
Insula Lobe - visceral perception.

7. Cerebral Lobes

8. Homunculus - Motor and Sensory
Frontal Lobe
Parietal Lobe

9. Broca’s area
Wernike’s area

10. Hearing
words
Seeing
words
Speaking
words
Thinking

11. The Limbic System = “emotional brain”
e.g., Cingulate gyrus
Allows us to shift between thoughts.
Interprets pain as unpleasant.
e.g., Amygdala
Detects menacing glances from others.
Emotional recognition of faces.

12. = 1) Epithalamus, 2) Thalamus and 3) Hypothalamus
Diencephalon
= 1) Epithalamus, 2) Thalamus and 3) Hypothalamus 
1) Epithalamus
- Includes the pineal gland (body).
Secretes hormone melatonin, under
influence of the hypothalamus.

13. 2) Thalamus * Makes up 80% of the diencephalon. * Act as the “gateway”
to cerebral cortex.

14. 3) Hypothalamus Main visceral control center of the body Regulates
temperature
Regulates
circadian
rhythms
Processes
olfaction and
feeding reflexes

15. Hypothalamus Functions include the following:
1. Regulation of body temperature
2. Regulation of hunger and thirst sensations
Control of
behavior
3. Regulation of sleep-wake cycles
4. Control of the autonomic nervous system
Control of
emotional
responses
5. Control of the endocrine system

16. Midbrain 
Cranial Reflexes
e.g., visual and auditory reflexes.

17. The Cerebellum 
Folia

18. Functions of Cerebellum
1) Controls Postural Reflexes:
- coordinates rapid, automatic adjustments of
muscles in body to maintain equilibrium.
2) Produces Skilled Movements:
- implements routines for fine tuned movements.
Refines learned skills (e.g. driving, playing
an instrument) until the action becomes routine.

19. The Brain Stem
Midbrain,
Pons,
and
Medulla
Oblongata

20. Pons
* Contains the pontine
respiratory centers. 

21. Medulla Oblongata Vital Centers in the MO include:
Vital Centers in the MO include:
1. Cardiac Control Center
2. Vasomotor Center
3. Respiratory Center (Medullary)
* Also contains the centers for hiccupping, sneezing, swallowing, vomiting and coughing

22. Electroencephalogram (EEG)

23. Peripheral Nervous System
Somatic N.S.
Autonomic N.S.
Skeletal
Muscle
Parasympathetic
Division
Sympathetic
Division

24. Somatic Nervous System (SNS)
One motor neuron to a single effector tissue:
skeletal
muscle
Central Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
Two motor neurons to many effector tissues:
cardiac
smooth
glands

25. Somatic Nervous System (SNS)
One Motor Neuron to Effector Tissue
skeletal
muscle
Effector Tissue is Skeletal Muscle
Neurotransmitter is ACh
(released from somatic motor neurons)
Receptors are Nicotinic
(response is always excitatory)
Control is Voluntary (except reflexes)

26. Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
Two Motor Neurons to Effector Tissue
cardiac
smooth
glands
Effector Tissue is Cardiac and Smooth Muscle and Glands
Neurotransmitters are ACh and NE
(released from autonomic neurons)
Parasympathetic:
Receptors are Nicotinic and Muscarinic
Sympathetic:
Receptors are Alpha () and Beta ()
Control is Involuntary (except biofeedback)