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Functional Anatomy of the Central Nervous System
Chapter 6: The Nervous System Lesson 6.3 Functional Anatomy of the Central Nervous System
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Intro to CNS What are the parts of the CNS?
Brain Spinal Cord What parts of the brain can you identify? Random Facts Adult human brain weights between 2 ¼ and 3 ¼ lbs. Contains approx 100 billion neurons
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The Brain cerebrum diencephalon brain stem cerebellum meninges
blood-brain barrier
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Cerebrum L and R cerebral hemispheres
Makes up the largest portion of the brain
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Cerebrum cerebral cortex – outer surface of cerebrum
Gyrus – curved raised areas Sulcus – grooves between the gyrus Fissure – deep grooves in the brain Lobes – divided into 4 regions by the sulci Frontal – most anterior – separated by central sulcus Parietal – posterior to frontal lobes – contains primary somatic sensory cortex Occipital – posterior to parietal lobes – responsible for vision Temporal – most inferior lobes – involved in speech, hearing, vision, memory, and emotion
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Cerebrum
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Cerebrum
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Cerebrum primary motor cortex primary somatic sensory cortex
In front of central sulcus (frontal lobe) Sends neural impulses to skeletal muscles to initiate and control the development of muscle tension and movement of body parts primary somatic sensory cortex Behind central sulcus (parietal lobe) Interprets sensory impulses received from the skin, internal organs, muscles, and joints
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Diencephalon Also known as the interbrain
Located deep inside the brain enclosed by the cerebral hemispheres It includes Thalamus – relay station for communicating both sensory and motor information between body and cerebral cortex – regulates sleep, wakefulness, and high alert consciousness Hypothalamus – size of a pearl, regulates heart rate, blood pressure, thirst, hunger, energy, body temp, sex, pain, pleasure Epithalamus – includes pineal gland and regulates sleep-cycle hormones
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Diencephalon
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Brain Stem Approx size of thumb Includes 3 structures
Midbrain – superior end of brain stem, relaty station for sensory and motor impulses, vision, hearing, motor activity, sleep and wake cycles, temp regulation Pons – located below midbrain – regulates breathing medulla oblongata – below pons – regulates heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, and controls reflexes for coughing, sneezing, and vomitting Those with severe brain injuries can continue to live as long as the brain stem remains functional and they stay hydrated and receive nutrition
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Cerebrum
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Cerebellum Looks like Cerebrum with its outer cortex, convolutions, and dual hemispheres Coordinates body movements including balance
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Meninges Protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord.
Three kinds Dura mater – means hard mother – outer membrane – tough double layered membrane that lies beneath the skull Arachnoid mater – middle membrane – weblike tissue Pia mater – means gentle mother - innermost layer – attaches directly to surface of brain and spinal cord
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The Brain
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Spinal Cord
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Review and Assessment True or False? 1. The gyri divide the brain into 4 regions. 2. The hypothalamus regulates blood pressure. 3. The meninges has 3 layers. 4. The cerebellum coordinates balance. 5. The pons is also called the interbrain.
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Functional Anatomy of the Peripheral Nervous System
Chapter 6: The Nervous System Lesson 6.4 Functional Anatomy of the Peripheral Nervous System
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Functional Anatomy of the Peripheral Nervous System
nerve structure cranial nerves spinal nerves and nerve plexuses autonomic nervous system
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Nerve Structure endoneurium perineurium epineurium covers axons
bundles fascicles epineurium wraps nerves
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12 Cranial Nerves
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Spinal Nerves and Nerve Plexuses
31 pairs – branch out from L and R side of spinal cord dorsal root ventral root dorsal ramus ventral ramus Plexuses – nerves of neck, arms, legs
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Autonomic Nervous System
preganglionic and postganglionic neurons – two nerves that connect the CNS to the organs sympathetic nerves Activate fight-or-flight response Releasing adrenaline parasympathetic nerves Controls day in and day out functions resp and dig system resting or digesting system
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Injuries and Disorders of the Nervous System
Chapter 6: The Nervous System Lesson 6.5 Injuries and Disorders of the Nervous System
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Injuries to the Brain and Spinal Cord
traumatic brain injury cerebral palsy spinal cord injury
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Traumatic Brain Injury
violent impact to head mild moderate severe
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Cerebral Palsy damage to brain motor function impairment before birth
during birth during infancy motor function impairment
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Spinal Cord Injuries C1–C3: usually fatal C1–C4: quadriplegia
C5–C7: paralysis of lower extremities T1–L5: paraplegia Corepics/Shutterstock.com
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Common Diseases and Disorders of the CNS
meningitis multiple sclerosis epilepsy Parkinson’s disease dementia and Alzheimer’s disease
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Review and Assessment Match these words with 1–4 below: quadriplegia, multiple sclerosis, dementia, cerebral palsy. 1. inflammation destroys myelin sheath 2. loss of memory and thinking 3. loss of function below the neck 4. may begin before birth
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