1. The Industrial Age
Chapter 19

2. The Second Industrial revolution
Second Industrial Revolution-A period of rapid growth in U.S. manufacturing in the late 1800s
Bessemer Process-invented in the mid-1850s, allowed steel to be produced quickly and cheaply
Helped increase steel production from 77,000 tons in 1870 to more than a million tons in 1879

3. New Technology
Breakthroughs in steel processing led to a boom in railroad construction
As steel prices dropped, so did the cost of building railroads, generating a boom in railroad construction
Growth of railroads helped the country expand and prosper

4. Oil
Chemists invented a way to convert crude oil into a fuel called kerosene in the 1850s
Kerosene, which could be used for cooking, heating, and lighting, created a demand for oil
A huge oil industry developed after a way to pump oil from the ground was developed in 1859

5. Electricity
Inventor Thomas Edison, who held more than 1,000 patents, worked to invent an electric light
Introduced the first practical lightbulb in 1879
He created a power company to distribute electricity, but could not send it over long distances
George Westinghouse built a power system that could send electricity many miles across the country

6. communication
New telegraph technology connected the U.S. with Britain by cable in 1866
Alexander Graham Bell patented the telephone in 1876
Telephones were rapidly adopted, from 55,000 in 1889 to 1.5 million in 1900

7. Automobiles The automobile industry grew in steps
1876 a German engineer invented the gasoline powered engine
1893- the U.S. built its first practical motor car
1908- Henry Ford introduced the Model T
Ford was first to introduce the moving assembly line in manufacturing, making cars more affordable

8. airplane
Wilbur and Orville Wright invented the first gas powered airplane in 1903

9. Big business
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10. Profits, efficiency, and working conditions
Factors that led to the decline in the quality of working conditions in the late 1800s
Machines and unskilled workers replaced skilled craftspeople
Low paid workers could easily be replaced
They brought costs down and caused production to rise

11. Profits, efficiency, and working conditions
Fredrick W. Taylor, an efficiency expert, published the Principles of Scientific Management in 1909
Encouraged managers to view workers as interchangeable parts
Injuries increased, conditions worsened
Workers looked for ways to bring about change

12. Poor working conditions
Small crowded rooms
Specialization made workers, tired, bored, and more likely to be injured
Managers paid less attention to working conditions
Stuffy air
Unsafe workplaces
Long hours
Low wages
No job security

13. Knights of labor First national labor union founded in the 1870s
Pushed for 8 hour workday, equal pay for equal work, and end to child labor
Included both skilled and unskilled workers
Terence V. Powderly became leader in and ended secrecy of organization

14. Workers organize American Federation of Labor
Organized individual national unions, such as mine workers’ and steel workers’ unions
Limited membership to skilled workers
Used collective bargaining, in which all workers acted collectively, or together, to negotiate with management

16. Summary