1. High Middle Ages

2. High Middle Ages: Definitions
New royal dynasty called Capetians in France
System of primogeniture= system where eldest son inherited everything (instead of dividing land / property / wealth)
Peace of God= a set of decrees issued in 989 CE that prohibited stealing church property, assaulting clerics, peasants and women with the threat of excommunication from Church
Truce of God= set in 1027 CE truce encouraged idea that the only combat pleasing to God was in the defense of Christendom (idea of the righteousness of holy war)
1095 CE Pope Urban II referred to Truce of God when calling knights to the first Crusade in support of Christians

3. Monarchs, Nobles, and the Church
Monarchs begin to centralize power.
Developed tax systems
Built standing armies. Monarchs
Trade increases

6. CONSTRUCTING THE PYRAMID OF POWER
KING
LOYALTY AND
SERVICE
LAND
POWERFUL
NOBLES
LAND AND
PROTECTION
LOYALTY AND
MILITARY SERVICE
LESSER NOBLES
(KNIGHTS)
LABOR
PROTECTION
SERFS AND FREEMEN 6 6

8. Conquest of England William the Conquer – From France
Was promised the throne by King Edward the Confessor of England.
William raised an army and won the backing of the pope.
At the Battle of Hastings, William and his Norman knights triumphed over Harold.
Became king of England on Christmas Day 1066.

9. English Government King Henry II
The decisions of the royal courts became the foundation of English common law, a legal system based on custom and court rulings.

10. The Crusades Pope Urban II
The Byzantine emperor asked Pope Urban II for Christian knights to help him fight the Muslim Turks

11. Reasons for the Crusades
The Pope hoped to unite the divided Christian faith under the banner of the Latin Church
Italian city-states, with their large navies, hoped for commercial gains and were therefore keen supporters of the Crusades

12. The Crusaders The variety of motivations resulted in a varied assembly
Men tired of hopeless poverty
Adventurers seeking action
Merchants looking for new markets
Lords who wanted riches and glory
Sincerely religious individuals wanting to rescue the land of Christ

13. The First Crusade The First Crusaders met a divided Muslim force
By, 1099, they reached Jerusalem and took the city
12,000 of the original 30,000 Crusaders were left
Siege of Antioch

14. The First Crusade Results
Blood reportedly ran knee-deep
70,000 Muslims were slaughtered
Jews were herded into a synagogue and burned alive
Kingdom of Jerusalem established

15. The Crusades Continued
The Crusades continued, off and on, for over 200 years.
Muslims recapture Jerusalem which leads to the 3rd Crusade
Saladin did reopen the holy city to Christian pilgrims after signing a treaty with Richard

16. Impact of the Crusades The Crusades breed religious hatred.
Constantinople was conquered and looted in the Fourth Crusade by Western Crusaders
Military failure but many positive effects
spreading of culture
Increased trade
Diffusion of knowledge

17. 1099-1453…or 1492 depending on who you ask
Late Middle Ages
…or 1492 depending on who you ask

18. Medieval England

19. King John
Lost a war with Philip II and had to give up lands in France.
John rejected the pope’s nominee for archbishop of Canterbury, the pope excommunicated him.

20. The Magna Carta
John upset the nobles taxes.
1215, a group of barons forced John to sign the Magna Carta, or great charter.

21. Magna Carta
1. Nobles had certain rights - will be extended to all English citizens.
2.The monarch must obey the law.
3. habeas corpus - the principle that no person can be held in prison without first being charged with a specific crime.

22. The Development of Parliament
English rulers often called on the Great Council for advice. -Evolved into Parliament
House of Lords – Lords and Clergy
House of Commons - knights and middle class citizens
Parliament gained the right to approve any new taxes.

23. Medieval France

24. Philip Augustus
Philip gained control of English-ruled lands in Normandy and Anjou. – From King John

25. Forming the Estates General
This body had representatives from all three estates, or classes of French society: clergy, nobles, and townspeople.
never controlled the money of France (Parliament)

26. Medieval Germany

27. Holy Roman Empire
Conflicts had arisen between secular rulers and Church officials.

28. Concordat of Worms
This treaty declared that the Church had the sole power to elect and invest bishops with spiritual authority.
The emperor, however, still invested them with fiefs (land).

29. Medieval Literature
Spain - Poem of the Cid - a Christian lord who fought both with and against Muslim forces.
Divine Comedy - Dante Alighieri – an imaginary journey into hell and purgatory, where souls await forgiveness.
Canterbury Tales, the English writer Geoffrey Chaucer describes a band of pilgrims traveling to Saint Thomas Becket’s tomb.

30. Art and Architecture
Gothic style - European architecture that developed in the Middle Ages, characterized by flying buttresses, thin walls, and high roofs
Stain glass windows - pictures depicting the life of Jesus.
helped educate the people who were unable to read.

33. The Mongols! Invaded from 1237-1241
At the time it was seen as the end of the world
Conquered Russia and Eastern Europe
Demanded tribute and dealt harshly with those that didn’t pay

34. Catastrophic 14th Century

35. Black Death 1 in 3 people died
Hit western Europe through Italy then spread to Spain and France.

36. The Bubonic Plague
Called “black death” because of striking symptom of the disease, in which sufferers' skin would blacken due to hemorrhages under the skin
Spread by fleas and rats
painful lymph node swellings called buboes
buboes in the groin and armpits, which ooze pus and blood.
damage to the skin and underlying tissue until they were covered in dark blotches
Most victims died within four to seven days after infection
EFFECTS
Caused massive depopulation and change in social structure
Weakened influence of Church
Originated in Asia but was blamed on Jews and lepers

38. Where did the Black Death come from?

40. Impact of the Plague

41. Rise of the Middle Class
The black plague brought about a new middle class made of merchants
To help regulate the craftsmen guilds were developed
Guilds:
1. Set standard of quality
2. Control wages and prices
3. Train apprentices

42. The Church Splits Schism in the Church.
3 Popes all claimed power at once causing great division in Europe
removed authority from all popes and elected Pope Martin V – to the papacy to Rome.

43. Hundred Years’ War
1337 and 1453
English rulers wanted to hold on to French lands
French kings wanted to extend their own power.
The Hundred Years War helped France become the first nation in the world
France recognized that being French culturally was more important than the fealty of their lord

44. Joan of Arc 1429 - France 17-year-old peasant woman
appeared at the court of Charles VII,
She told him that God had sent her to save France.
Charles authorized her to lead an army against the English.
She was taken captive by allies of the English
Went on trial for witchcraft
She was convicted and burned at the stake.
Later declared a saint.

45. The Reconquista of Spain
Muslims invaded the Iberian Peninsula in the early 8th Century and ruled all but small Christian states such as Catalonia
In the 1060s Christians began attacking outward from these toeholds

46. The Reconquista of Spain
By 1150 Christians had recaptured Lisbon and controlled over half the peninsula
In 1492, Christian forces conquered Granada and the Reconquista was complete